This chapter describes how to access removable media from the command line in the Solaris OS.For information on the procedures associated with accessing removable media, see the following:Accessing Removable Media (Task Map) Accessing Removable Media on a Remote System (Task Map) For background information on removable media, see Chapter 1, Managing Removable Media (Overview). The following task map describes the tasks for accessing removable media.Task Description For Instructions 1. (Optional) Add the removable media drive. Add the removable media drive to your system, if necessary. How to Add a New Removable Media Drive 2. (Optional) Decide whether you want to use removable media with or without volume management (vold). Volume management (vold) runs by default. Decide whether you want to use removable media with or without volume management. How to Disable or Enable Removable Media Services 3. Access removable media. Access different kinds of removable media with or without volume management running. How to Access Information on Removable Media 4. (Optional) Copy files or directories. Copy files or directories from the media as you would from any other location in the file system. How to Copy Information From Removable Media 5. Find out if the media is still in use. Before ejecting the media, find out if it is still in use. How to Determine If Removable Media Is Still in Use 6. Eject the media. When you finish, eject the media from the drive. How to Eject Removable Media You can access information on removable media with or without using volume management. For information on accessing information on removable media with GNOME's File Manager, see the GNOME desktop documentation.Volume management (vold) actively manages all removable media devices. So, any attempt to access removable media with device names such as /dev/rdsk/cntndnsn or /dev/dsk/cntndnsn will be unsuccessful.You can access all removable media with different names. The following table describes the different media names that can be accessed with or without volume management. Media Volume Management Device Name Volume Management Device Alias Name Device Name First diskette drive /floppy /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 /dev/rdiskette/vol/dev/rdiskette0/volume-name First, second, third CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drives /cdrom0/cdrom1/cdrom2 /vol/dev/aliases/cdrom0/vol/dev/aliases/cdrom1/vol/dev/aliases/cdrom2 /vol/dev/rdsk/cntn[dn]/volume-name USB memory stick /rmdisk/noname /vol/dev/aliases/rmdisk0 /vol/dev/dsk/cntndn/volume-name:c Most CDs and DVDs are formatted to the ISO 9660 standard, which is portable. So, most CDs and DVDs can be mounted by volume management. However, CDs or DVDs with UFS file systems are not portable between architectures. So, they must be used on the architecture for which they were designed.For example, a CD or DVD with a UFS file system for a SPARC platform cannot be recognized by an x86 platform. Likewise, an x86 UFS CD cannot be mounted by volume management on a SPARC platform. The same limitation generally applies to diskettes. However, some architectures share the same bit structure, so occasionally a UFS format specific to one architecture will be recognized by another architecture. Still, the UFS file system structure was not designed to guarantee this compatibility.To accommodate the different formats, the CD or DVD is split into slices. Slices are similar in effect to partitions on hard disks. The 9660 portion is portable, but the UFS portion is architecture-specific. If you are having trouble mounting a CD or DVD, particularly if it is an installation CD or DVD, make sure that its UFS file system is appropriate for your system's architecture. For example, you can check the label on the CD or DVD. Generally, most modern bus types support hot-plugging. If your system's bus type supports hot-plugging, you might only need to do step 5 below. If your system's bus type does not support hot-plugging, you might have to do the following tasks, which are described in steps 1-6 below.Create the /reconfigure file. Reboot the system so that volume management recognizes the new media drive. For more information about hot-plugging devices, see Chapter 6, Dynamically Configuring Devices (Tasks). Become superuser. Create the /reconfigure file.# touch /reconfigure Bring the system to run level 0.# init 0 Turn off power to the system. Connect the new media drive.See your hardware handbook for specific instructions. Turn on power to the system.The system automatically comes up to multiuser mode. Occasionally, you might want to manage media without using removable media services. This section describes how to disable and enable removable media services.Disabling these services means that you would have to mount all media manually by using the mount command. Ensure that the media is not being used.If you are not sure whether you have found all users of the media, use the fuser command, see How to Determine If Removable Media Is Still in Use. Become superuser. Select one of the following: You can disable some or all removable media features in this release:To prevent volumes from mounting outside of user sessions, disable the rmvolmgr service. For example:# svcadm disable rmvolmgr To prevent any volume management, disable the dbus, hal, and rmvolmgr services.# svcadm disable rmvolmgr # svcadm disable dbus # svcadm disable halDisabling these services means that you would have to mount all media manually by using the mount command. Enable removable media services.# svcadm enable rmvolmgr # svcadm enable dbus # svcadm enable hal Insert the media.The media is mounted after a few seconds. List the contents of the media.% ls /mediaUse the appropriate device name to access information by using the command-line interface. See Table 3–1 for an explanation of device names. This example shows how to access information on a diskette.$ ls /media/floppyThis example shows how to access information on a USB memory stick.$ ls /media/usb-nameThis example shows how to access information on a DVD or CD.$ ls /media SOL_10_305_sparc cdrom You can access files and directories on removable media as with any other file system. The only significant restrictions are related to ownership and permissions.For instance, if you copy a file from a CD into your file system, you are the owner. However, you won't have write permissions because the file on the CD never had them. You must change the permissions yourself. Ensure that the media is mounted.$ ls /mediaThe ls command displays the contents of a mounted media. If no contents are displayed, see How to Access Information on Removable Media. (Optional) Copy the files or directories.For example, for a DVD, you would do the following:$ cp /media/sol_10_305_sparc/s0/Solaris_10/Tools/add_install_client . $ ls -l -rwxr-xr-x 1 pmorph gelfs 66393 Jun 14 16:08 add_install_client Become superuser. Identify the processes that are accessing the media.# fuser -u /mediaThe u displays the user of the media.For more information, see fuser1M. (Optional) Kill the process accessing the media.# fuser -u -k /mediaThe k kills the processes accessing the media.Killing the processes that are accessing the media should only be used in emergency situations. Verify that the process is gone.# pgrep process-ID The following example shows that the user pmorph, is accessing the /media/sol_10_305_sparc/s0/Solaris_10/Tools directory.# fuser -u /media/sol0_10_305_SPARC/Solaris_10/Tools /media/SOL_9_SPARC/Solaris_9/Tools: 723c(pmorph) 316c(pmorph) Ensure that the media is not being used.Remember, media is “being used” if a shell or an application is accessing any of its files or directories. If you are not sure whether you have found all users of a CD (for example, a shell hidden behind a desktop tool might be accessing it), use the fuser command. See How to Determine If Removable Media Is Still in Use. Eject the media.# eject mediaFor example, for a CD, you would do the following:# eject cdromFor example, for a USB memory stick, you would do the following:# eject rmdisk0You can view the removable device name with the eject l command. The following task map describes the tasks need to access removable media on a remote system.Task Description For Instructions 1. Make local media available to remote systems. configure your system to share its media drives to make any media in those drives available to other systems. How to Make Local Media Available to Other Systems 2. Access removable media on remote systems. Access the remote media on the local system. How to Access Information on Removable Media You can configure your system to share its media drives to make any media in those drives available to other systems. One exception is musical CDs. Once your media drives are shared, other systems can access the media they contain simply by mounting them. For instructions, see How to Access Removable Media on Remote Systems. Become superuser. Confirm that the media is loaded. Add the following entry to the /etc/dfs/dfstab file. For example:share -F nfs -o ro /media/sol_10_305_SPARC Determine whether the NFS server service is running.# svcs *nfs*The following output is returned from the svcs command if NFS server service is running:online 14:28:43 svc:/network/nfs/server:default Identify the NFS server status, and select one of the following:If the NFS server service is running, go to Step 7. If the NFS server service is not running, go to the next step. Start the NFS server service.# svcadm enable network/nfs/serverVerify that the NFS daemons are running.For example:# svcs -p svc:/network/nfs/server:default STATE STIME FMRI online Aug_30 svc:/network/nfs/server:default Aug_30 319 mountd Aug_30 323 nfsd Verify that the media is indeed available to other systems.If the media is available, its share configuration is displayed.# share - /media/sol_10_305_SPARC sec=sys,ro "" The following example shows how to make any local DVD or CD available to other systems on the network.# vi /etc/dfs/dfstab (Add the following line:) # share -F nfs -o ro /media # svcs *nfs* # svcadm enable network/nfs/server # svcs -p svc:/network/nfs/server:default # share - /media/sol_10_305_sparc sec=sys,ro "" The following example shows how to make any local diskette available to other systems on the network.# vi /etc/dfs/dfstab (Add the following line, for example) share -F nfs -o ro /media/myfiles # svcs *nfs* # svcadm enable network/nfs/server # svcs -p svc:/network/nfs/server:default # volcheck -v media was found # share - /media/myfiles rw "" You can access media on a remote system by manually mounting the media into your file system. Also, the remote system must have shared its media according to the instructions in How to Make Local Media Available to Other Systems. Select an existing directory to serve as the mount point. Or create a mount point.$ mkdir /directorywhere /directory is the name of the directory that you create to serve as a mount point for the remote system's CD. Find the name of the media you want to mount.$ showmount -e system-name As superuser, mount the media.# mount -F nfs -o ro system-name:/media/media-name local-mount-pointsystem-name:Is the name of the system whose media you will mount. media-nameIs the name of the media you want to mount. local-mount-pointIs the local directory onto which you will mount the remote media. Log out as superuser. Verify that the media has been mounted.$ ls /media The following example shows how to automatically access the remote DVD named sol_10_305_sparc from the remote system starbug using AutoFS.$ showmount -e starbug export list for starbug: /media/sol_10_305_sparc (everyone) $ ls /net/starbug/media/ sol_10_305_sparc The following example shows how to automatically access myfiles from the remote system mars using AutoFS. # showmount -e mars export list for fractional: /media/floppy (everyone) $ cd /net/mars $ ls media myfiles