This chapter describes how to use the ufsrestore command to restore files and file systems that were backed up by using the ufsdump command. For information on the procedures associated with restoring files and file systems, see Restoring Files and File System Backups (Task Map).For information about other commands you can use to archive, restore, copy, or move files and file systems, see Chapter 28, Copying UFS Files and File Systems (Tasks).For information about backing up and restoring file systems, see Chapter 23, Backing Up and Restoring File Systems (Overview). The following task map describes the procedures associated with restoring files and file systems.Task Description For Instructions Prepare to restore files and file systems. Identify the file systems or files to be restored, the tape device, and how you will restore them. Preparing to Restore Files and File Systems Determine which tapes to use. Refer to your backup tapes to find the date of the last backup that contains the file or file system that you need to restore. How to Determine Which Tapes to Use Restore files. Choose one of the following restore methods: Restore files interactively – Use this method when you are unsure of the file names because you can browse the media contents and select individual files and directories. How to Restore Files Interactively Restore files noninteractively – Use this method when you already know the few file names to be restored. How to Restore Specific Files Noninteractively Restore a file system – Use this method when you get a new disk drive or as part of a recovery procedure. How to Restore a Complete File System Restore the root (/) or /usr file systems. Restoring the root (/) or /usr file systems involves booting the system from a local CD or the network. How to Restore the root (/) and /usr File Systems The ufsrestore command copies files to disk, relative to the current working directory, from backups that were created by using the ufsdump command. You can use the ufsrestore command to reload an entire file system hierarchy from a level 0 dump and incremental dumps that follow it. You can also use this command to restore one or more single files from any backup tape. If you run the ufsrestore command as superuser, files are restored with their original owner, last modification time, and mode (permissions). Before you start to restore files or file systems, you need to know the following:The tapes (or diskettes) you need to restore from The raw device name on which you want to restore the file system The type of tape device you will use The device name (local or remote) for the tape device If you have properly labeled your backup tapes, you should be able to use the file system name (/dev/rdsk/device-name) from the tape label. For more information, see How to Find File System Names. You must use a tape device that is compatible with the backup media to restore the files. The format of the backup media determines which drive you must use to restore files. For example, if your backup media is 8-mm tape, you must use an 8-mm tape device to restore the files. You might have specified the tape device name (/dev/rmt/n) as part of the backup tape label information. If you are using the same drive to restore a backup tape, you can use the device name from the label. For more information on media devices and device names, see Chapter 29, Managing Tape Drives (Tasks). When you back up files and directories, you save them relative to the file system in which they belong. When you restore files and directories, the ufsrestore command re-creates the file hierarchy in the current working directory.For example, files backed up from the /export/doc/books directory (where /export is the file system) are saved relative to /export. In other words, the book1 file in the books directory is saved as ./doc/books/book1 on the tape. Later on, if you restored the ./doc/books/book1 file to the /var/tmp directory, the file would be restored to /var/tmp/doc/books/book1.When you restore individual files and directories, you should restore them to a temporary location, such as the /var/tmp directory. After you verify the files, you can move them to their proper locations. However, you can restore individual files and directories to their original locations. If you do so, be sure you are not overwriting newer files with older versions from the backup tape.To avoid conflicts with other users, you might want to create and change to a subdirectory, such as the/var/tmp/restore file, in which to restore the files.If you are restoring a hierarchy, you should restore the files to a temporary directory on the same file system where the files will reside. Then, you can use the mv command to move the entire hierarchy where it belongs after it is restored.Do not restore files in the /tmp directory even temporarily. The /tmp directory is usually mounted as a TMPFS file system. TMPFS does not support UFS file system attributes such as ACLs. Ask the user for the approximate date the files to be restored were last modified. Refer to your backup plan to find the date of the last backup that contains the file or file system.To retrieve the most recent version of a file, work backward through the incremental backups from highest to lowest dump level and from most recent to least recent date, unless the user requests otherwise. If you have online archive files, identify the correct media.# ufsrestore ta archive-name ./path/filename ./path/filenametLists each file on the tape. aReads the table of contents from the online archive file instead of from the tape. archive-nameIdentifies the online archive file name. ./path/filenameIdentifies the file name or file names you are looking for on the online archive. If successful, the ufsrestore command prints out the inode number and file name. If unsuccessful, ufsrestore prints an error message. For more information, see the ufsrestore1M man page. Insert the media that contains the files to be restored in the drive and verify the correct media.# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/n ./path/filename ./path/filenameBe sure to use the complete path for each filename. If a file is in the backup, its name and inode number are listed. Otherwise, a message states that the file is not on the volume. If you have multiple backup files on the same tape, position the tape at the backup file you want to use.# ufsrestore xfs /dev/rmt/n tape-number The following example shows how to check if the /etc/passwd file is in the online archive.# ufsrestore ta /var/tmp/root.archive ./etc/passwdThe following example shows how to verify that the /etc/passwd file is on the backup tape.# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0 ./etc/passwd Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. (Optional) Write-protect the tapes for safety. Insert the volume 1 tape into the tape drive. Change to a directory that will be used to restore the files to temporarily.# cd /var/tmp Start the interactive restoration.# ufsrestore if /dev/rmt/nSome informational messages and the ufsrestore> prompt are displayed. Create a list of files to be restored.List the contents of a directory.ufsrestore> ls [directory-name] Change to a directory.ufsrestore> cd directory-name Create a list of files and directories that you want to restore.ufsrestore> add filenames Remove any directory or file from the list of files to be restored, if necessary.ufsrestore> delete filename Display the file names as they are being restored.ufsrestore> verbose Restore the files.ufsrestore> extractThe ufsrestore command asks you which volume number to use. Type the volume number and press Return. If you have only one volume, type 1 and press Return.Specify next volume #: 1The files and directories in the list are extracted and restored to the current working directory. To maintain the mode of the current directory, enter n at the set owner/mode prompt.set owner/mode for `.'? [yn] nYou must wait while the ufsrestore command performs its final cleanup. Quit the ufsrestore program.ufsrestore> quitYou then see the shell prompt. Verify the restored files.List the restored files and directories.# ls -lA list of files and directories is displayed. Check the list to be sure that all the files and directories you specified in the list have been restored. Move the files to the proper directories. The following example shows how to extract the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files from the backup tape.# cd /var/tmp # ufsrestore if /dev/rmt/0 ufsrestore> ls .: .: .sunw/ export/ net/ sbin/ usr/ Sources/ etools/ opt/ scde/ var/ b/ home/ ptools/ set/ vol/ bin kernel/ pkg/ share/ dev/ lib/ platform/ shared/ devices/ lost+found/ proc/ src/ etc/ mnt/ rtools/ tmp/ ufsrestore> cd etc ufsrestore> add passwd shadow ufsrestore> verbose verbose mode on ufsrestore> extract Extract requested files You have not read any volumes yet. Unless you know which volume your file(s) are on you should start with the last volume and work towards the first. Specify next volume #: 1 extract file ./etc/shadow extract file ./etc/passwd Add links Set directory mode, owner, and times. set owner/mode for `.'? [yn] n ufsrestore> quit # cd etc # mv passwd /etc # mv shadow /etc # ls -l /etc Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. (Optional) Write-protect the tape for safety. Insert the volume 1 tape into the tape drive. Change to a directory that will be used to restore files to temporarily.# cd /var/tmp Restore the file or files.# ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/n filenamexTells ufsrestore to copy specific files or directories in the filename argument. vDisplays the file names as they are restored. f /dev/rmt/nIdentifies the tape device name. filenameSpecifies one or more file names or directory names, separated by spaces. For example: ./export/home/user1/mail ./export/home/user2/mail. Type the volume number where files are located. Press Return.Specify next volume #: 1The file or files are restored to the current working directory. To maintain the mode of the current directory, type n and press Return at the set owner/mode prompt.set owner/mode for '.'? [yn] n Verify the restored files.List the restored files and directories.# ls -lA list of files and directories is displayed. Check the list to be sure that all the files and directories you specified in the list have been restored. Move the files to the proper directories. The following example shows how to noninteractively restore the passwd and shadow files to the /var/tmp directory. # cd /var/tmp # ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 ./etc/passwd ./etc/shadow Verify volume and initialize maps Media block size is 126 Dump date: Wed Jul 28 16:13:52 2004 Dumped from: the epoch Level 0 dump of / on starbug:/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 Label: none Extract directories from tape Initialize symbol table. Extract requested files You have not read any volumes yet. Unless you know which volume your file(s) are on you should start with the last volume and work towards the first. Specify next volume #: 1 extract file ./etc/passwd extract file ./etc/shadow Add links Set directory mode, owner, and times. Specify next volume #:1 extract file ./etc/passwd extract file ./etc/shadow Add links Set directory mode, owner, and times. set owner/mode for `.'? [yn] n # cd etc # mv passwd /etc # mv shadow /etc # ls -l /etc You can restore files from a remote tape drive by adding remote-host: to the front of the tape device name, when using the ufsrestore command.The following example shows how to restore files by using a remote tape drive /dev/rmt/0 on the system venus.# ufsrestore xf venus:/dev/rmt/0 ./etc/hosts Occasionally, a file system becomes so damaged that you must completely restore it. Typically, you need to restore a complete file system after a disk failure. You might need to replace the hardware before you can restore the software. For information on how to replace a disk, see Adding a System Disk or a Secondary Disk (Task Map) or Adding a System Disk or a Secondary Disk (Task Map).Full restoration of a file system such as /export/home can take a lot of time. If you have consistently backed up file systems, you can restore them to their state from the time of the last incremental backup.You cannot use this procedure to restore the root (/) or /usr file systems. For instructions on restoring these file systems, see How to Restore the root (/) and /usr File Systems. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. If necessary, unmount the file system. # umount /dev/rdsk/device-nameOr:# umount /file-system Create the new file system.# newfs /dev/rdsk/device-nameYou are asked if you want to construct a new file system on the raw device. Verify that the device-name is correct so that you don't destroy the wrong file system.For more information, see the newfs1M man page. Confirm that the new file system should be created.newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rdsk/cwtxdysz:(y/n)? yThe new file system is created. Mount the new file system on a temporary mount point.# mount /dev/dsk/device-name /mnt Change to the mount point directory.# cd /mnt (Optional) Write-protect the tapes for safety. Insert the first volume of the level 0 tape into the tape drive. Restore the files.# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/nThe dump level 0 backup is restored. If the backup required multiple tapes, you are prompted to load each tape in numeric order. Remove the tape and load the next level tape in the drive.Always restore tapes starting with dump level 0 and continuing until you reach the highest dump level. Repeat Step 8 through Step 10 for each dump level, from the lowest to the highest level. Verify that the file system has been restored.# ls Remove the restoresymtable file.# rm restoresymtableThe restoresymtable file that is created and used by the ufsrestore command to check-point the restore is removed. Change to another directory.# cd / Unmount the newly restored file system.# umount /mnt Remove the last tape and insert a new tape that is not write-protected in the tape drive. Make a level 0 backup of the newly restored file system.# ufsdump 0ucf /dev/rmt/n /dev/rdsk/device-nameA level 0 backup is performed. Always immediately do a full backup of a newly created file system because the ufsrestore command repositions the files and changes the inode allocation. Mount the restored file system.# mount /dev/dsk/device-name mount-pointThe restored file system is mounted and available for use. Verify that the restored and mounted file system is available.# ls mount-point The following example shows how to restore the /export/home file system.# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 newfs: /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 last mounted as /export/home newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7: (y/n)? y 819314 sectors in 867 cylinders of 15 tracks, 63 sectors 400.1MB in 55 cyl groups (16 c/g, 7.38MB/g, 3584 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at: 32, 15216, 30400, 45584, 60768, 75952, 91136, 106320, 121504, 136688, 681264, 696448, 711632, 725792, 740976, 756160, 771344, 786528, 801712, 816896, # mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /mnt # cd /mnt # ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0 Verify volume and initialize maps Media block size is 126 Dump date: Thu Jul 29 10:14:00 2004 Dumped from: the epoch Level 0 dump of /export/home on starbug:/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 Label: none Begin level 0 restore Initialize symbol table. Extract directories from tape Calculate extraction list. Warning: ./lost+found: File exists Make node ./rimmer Make node ./rimmer/wdir Make node ./lister Make node ./pmorph Make node ./inquisitor Make node ./kryten Make node ./kryten/letters Make node ./kryten/reports Extract new leaves. Check pointing the restore extract file ./rimmer/words extract file ./rimmer/words1 extract file ./rimmer/words2 extract file ./rimmer/words3 extract file ./rimmer/wdir/words extract file ./rimmer/wdir/words1 extract file ./rimmer/wdir/words2 extract file ./rimmer/wdir/words3 . . . Add links Set directory mode, owner, and times. Check the symbol table. Check pointing the restore # rm restoresymtable # cd / # umount /mnt # ufsdump 0ucf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home . . . # mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home # ls /export/home Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. Add a new system disk to the system where the root (/) and /usr file systems will be restored.For a detailed description about adding a system disk, refer to How to Connect a System Disk and Boot or How to Connect a System Disk. Mount the new file system on a temporary mount point.# mount /dev/dsk/device-name /mnt Change to the /mnt directory.# cd /mnt (Optional) Write-protect the tapes for safety. Create the links for the tape device.# tapes Restore the root (/) file system.# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/nThe dump level 0 tape is restored. Remove the tape and load the next level tape in the drive.Always restore tapes starting with dump level 0 and continuing from the lowest to highest dump level. Continue restoring as needed.# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/nThe next level tape is restored. Repeat Step 8 and Step 9 for each additional tape. Verify that the file system has been restored.# ls Remove the restoresymtable file.# rm restoresymtableThe restoresymtable file that is created and used by the ufsrestore command to check-point the restore is removed. Change to the root (/) directory.# cd / Unmount the newly created file system.# umount /mnt Check the new file system.# fsck /dev/rdsk/device-nameThe restored file system is checked for consistency. Create the boot blocks on the root partition.On a SPARC system:# installboot /usr/platform/`uname-i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/device-nameFor more information, see the installboot1M man page.For an example of using the installboot command on a SPARC based system, see Example 26–6. On an x86 system:# /sbin/installgrub /boot/grub/stage1 /boot/grub/stage2 /dev/rdsk/cwtxdyszFor more information, see installgrub1M.For an example of using the installgrub command on an x86 based system, see Example 26–7. Insert a new tape in the tape drive. Back up the new file system.# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/n /dev/rdsk/device-nameA dump level 0 backup is performed. Always immediately do a full backup of a newly created file system because the ufsrestore command repositions the files and changes the inode allocation. Repeat steps 5 through 16 for the /usr file system, if necessary. Reboot the system.# init 6The system is rebooted. This example shows how to restore the root (/) file system on a SPARC system. This example assumes that the system is booted from a local CD or from the network.# mount /dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0 /mnt # cd /mnt # tapes # ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0 # ls # rm restoresymtable # cd / # umount /mnt # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0 # installboot /usr/platform/sun4u/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0 # ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0 # init 6 This example shows how to restore the root (/) file system on an x86 system. This example assumes that the system is booted from a GRUB failsafe boot session, local CD, or from the network.# mount /dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0 /mnt # cd /mnt # tapes # ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0 # ls # rm restoresymtable # cd / # umount /mnt # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0 # /sbin/installgrub /boot/grub/stage1 /boot/grub/stage2 /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0 stage1 written to partition 0 sector 0 (abs 2016) stage2 written to to partition 0, 227 sectors starting 50 (abs 2066) # ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0 # init 6