Remove a pattern from a character vector

Description

Removes a pattern from a character vector.

Usage

txt %-~% pattern

txt %-~|% pattern

txt %o~|% pattern

txt %s~% pattern

Arguments

Value

%-~% : Removes the pattern rx from the character vector x. It is equivalent of using gsub( rx, "", x ).

%-~|% does a two-step operation. First, it selects the elements of x that match the pattern rx and then it removes the pattern from the rest.

%o~|% does a slightly more complicated two-step operation. It first gets the elements of txt that match the pattern and then keeps only the part that matches the pattern. Similar to the grep -o in recent versions of unix.

Note

%-~% does the substitution via the gsub function. One can pass arguments to the gsub function using the operators.gsub option declared by this package. See %but% for a description of this mechanism.

The filtering in %-~|% is performed by %~|% and therefore options can be passed to regexpr using the operators.regexpr option.

For %o~|%, if the pattern given does not contain opening and closing round brackets, the entire matching space is retained, otherwise only the part that is contained between the brackets is retained, see the example below.

%s~% is an attempt to provide some of the functionnality of the unix's sed. The pattern is split by "/" and used as follows: the first part is the regular expression to replace, the second is the replacement, and the (optional) third gives modifiers to the gsub function used to perform the replacement. Modifiers are passed to gsub with the %but% operator. The "g" modifier can also be used in order to control if the gsub function is used for global replacement or the sub function to only replace the first match. At the moment "/" cannot be used in the regular expressions.

Examples

 txt <- c("arm","foot","lefroo", "bafoobar")
 txt %-~% "foo"
 txt %-~|% "foo"

 ### Email of the R core team members
 rcore <- readLines(file.path(R.home("doc"),"AUTHORS"))
 rcore %~|% "@" %-~% "(.*<|>.*)"

 ### or this way
 # angle brackets are retained here
 rcore %o~|% "<.*@.*>"
 rcore %o~|% "<.*@.*>" %-~% "[<>]"

 # allows to perform the match using < and > but strips them from the result
 rcore %o~|% "<(.*@.*)>"

 # really silly english to french translator
 pinks <- colors() %~|% "pink"
 pinks %s~% "/pink/rose/"
 gsub( "pink", "rose", pinks )

 # perl regex pink shouter
 pinks %s~% "/(pink)/\\\\U\\\\1/p"
 gsub( "(pink)", "\\\\U\\\\1", pinks, perl = TRUE )

 # see ?gsub
 gsub("(\\\\w)(\\\\w*)", "\\\\U\\\\1\\\\L\\\\2", "a test of capitalizing", perl=TRUE)
 "a test of capitalizing" %s~% "/(\\\\w)(\\\\w*)/\\\\U\\\\1\\\\L\\\\2/gp"

Modification of function arguments

Description

Modifies the arguments of a function

Usage

fun %but% x

Arguments

Details

The %but% operator is S3-generic with the following methods:

- A default method which does nothing more than returning the fun function.

- A character method. In that case, x describes the logical arguments of the function. x is a single character string containing one or several token of the form ab where b is the first letter of the logical argument we wish to modify and a is an optional modifier. a can be empty or +, in which case the argument will be set to TRUE; - in which case the argument will be set to FALSE; or ! in which case the argument will be the opposite of the current value in fun

- A list. In that case, arguments that are part of the formal arguments of fun and elements of the list x are updated to the element in x

Value

A function with the same body as the fun argument but with a different list of arguments.

Examples

### default method, nothing is done
rnorm %but% 44

### character method, operating on logical arguments
grep %but% "pf"     # grep, with perl and fixed set to TRUE
grep %but% "i-e"    # grep, ignoring the case but not using extended regular expressions
( grep %but% "vp" )( "blue", colors() )

### list method
rnorm %but% list( mean = 3 )

## Not run: 
  rnorm %but% list( nonsense = 4 )

## End(Not run)

Read or write an R object to/from a file

Description

A set of functions to quickly redirect output to a file or read character vectors from a file.

Usage

object %file>% file

object %file>>% file

object %2>>% file

object %2>% file

object %*>>% file

object %*>% file

object %<% file

object %<<% file

Arguments

Details

%file>% sends the object to the file. The object is printed to the file according to the function specified in the operators.print option supplied with this package, most likely to be the print function. See examples. %file>>% appends the output to the file.

%2>% sends the message stream to the file by sinking the message stream to the file. See sink for details. %2>>% appends the message stream to the file.

%*>% sends both output and message streams to the file. %*>>% appends them. %<% reads the content of the file into the object. %<<% appends the content of the file to the object.

Value

NULL, used for the side effects.

Examples

## Not run: 
  rnorm(30) \
  stop("problem") \
  x \
  x

## End(Not run)

Is an object of a given class

Description

Operator to check if an object is of a given class

Usage

x %of% y

Arguments

Value

Logical value indicating the result

Examples

iris %of% "data.frame"

Only keeps the macthing part of a regular expression

Description

The operator %o~% is used to retain the only the part of the txt that matches the regular expression.

Usage

txt %o~% pattern

Arguments

Value

In case where parts of the regular expression are surrounded by brackets, the operator returns a matrix with as many lines as the length of txt and as many columns as chunks of regular expressions.

Examples

x <- c("foobar","barfooooooooooooobar")
x %o~% "fo+"

Remove certain elements from a vector

Description

Remove the elements in table from s

Usage

x %without% table

Arguments

Value

x without the elements of table

Examples

letters %without% "a"

Creates string decorators by repeating a pattern

Description

Creates string decorators by repeating a pattern either a given number of times or so that it takes a given number of character

Usage

txt %x=% n

txt %x=|% length.out

Arguments

Value

A character string

Examples

"=" %x=% 80
"<-+->" %x=|% 80

Pattern matching operators

Description

Set of convenience functions to handle strings and pattern matching. These are basically companion binary operators for the classic R function grep and regexpr.

Usage

x %~% rx

x %!~% rx

x %~*% rx

x %!~*% rx

x %~+% rx

x %!~+% rx

Arguments

Value

%~% : gives a logical vector indicating which elements of x match the regular expression rx. %!~% is the negation of %~%

%~*% : gives a single logical indicating if all the elements of x are matching the regular expression rx. %!~*% is the negation of %~*%.

%~+% : gives a single logical indicating if any element of x matches the regular expression rx. %!~+% is the negation of %~+%.

Note

The matching is done using a modified version of the regexpr function. The modification is performed by applying the operators.regexpr option to the regexpr function via the %but% operator.

The default version of regexpr enables the perl and extended options. See %but% for details.

Examples

txt <- c("arm","foot","lefroo", "bafoobar")
 txt %~% "foo"
 txt %!~% "foo"
 txt %~*% "foo"
 txt %~+% "foo"
 txt %!~*% "foo"
 txt %!~+% "foo"

 txt %~%   "[a-z]"
 txt %!~%  "[a-z]"
 txt %~*%  "[a-z]"
 txt %~+%  "[a-z]"
 txt %!~*% "[a-z]"
 txt %!~+% "[a-z]"

 cols <- colors()
 cols[ cols %~% "^blue" ]

not in

Description

Negation of the %in% operator.

Usage

x %!in% table

Arguments

Value

Logical vector, negation of the %in% operators on the same arguments.

Examples

1:10 %!in% c(1,3,5,9)

Divide by a pattern

Description

split a character vector by a regular expression

Usage

txt %/~% rx

Arguments

Details

%/~% uses strsplit to split the strings. Logical arguments of strsplit can be indirectly modified using the operators.strsplit option declared as part of this package. For example, it uses perl regular expressions by default. See %but% for a description.

Value

A character vector. For convenience, this function does not return a list as strsplit does.

Examples

"Separate these  words by spaces" %/~% " +"

 ### From ?strsplit
 unlist(strsplit("a.b.c", "\\\\."))
 "a.b.c" %/~% "\\\\."

Regular expression filters

Description

Filters a character vector by a regular expression.

Usage

x %~|% rx

x %!~|% rx

Arguments

Value

'%~|%' : a character vector containing all the elements of x that match the regular expression rx or NULL if there is no match.

'%!~|%' : a character vector containing all the elements of x that do not match the regular expression rx.

Note

The filtering is done using the regexpr function. Logical arguments of regexpr can be indirectly used by %~|% or %!~|% by using the operators.regexpr option declared with this package. See %but% for a description of this mecanism.

Examples

 cols <- colors()
 cols %~|% "^blue"

 ### blue colors that don't finish with a digit
 ( a1 <- cols %~|% "blue" %!~|% "\\\\d$"         )
 ( a2 <- cols %~|% "blue[^0-9]*$"                )
 ( a3 <- grep( "blue[^0-9]*", cols, value = TRUE ) )

 # using perl regular expressions

 ### not necessary since p is in the default of the package
 with( options( operators.regexpr = "p" ), {
 	( a4 <- grep( "blue[^\\\\d]*", cols, value = TRUE, perl = TRUE  ) )
 	( a5 <- cols %~|% "blue[^\\\\d]*$" )
 })

 ### blue colors that contain a r
 cols %~|% "blue" %~|% "r"
 grep( "r", grep( "blue", cols, value = TRUE ), value = TRUE  )

 ### blue colors that don't contain a r
 cols %~|% "blue" %!~|% "r"
 cols %~|% "^[^r]*blue[^r]*$"

 grep( "^[^r]*$", grep( "blue", cols, value = TRUE ), value = TRUE  ) # tricky and verbose
 # or in two steps, ... laborious
 bluecols <- grep( "blue", cols, value = TRUE )
 bluecols[ -grep( "r", bluecols) ]

Pipe an R object to a unix command

Description

The operator prints the R object into a temporay file and then executes the unix command though a pipe

Usage

r %|% u

Arguments

Value

An object of S3-class unixoutput. The print method for unixoutput objects simply cat the string.

Examples

## Not run: 
   rnorm(30) %|% 'head -n2'
   rnorm(30) %|% 'sed "s/^ *\\\\[[0-9]*\\\\]//g" '

## End(Not run)

Plus Equal Operator

Description

Plus equal operator

Usage

object %+=% value

Arguments

Value

NULL. Used for the side effect of changing the value of object

Examples

x <- 4
x %+=% 4
x

Alternative option mechanism

Description

options is a slight rework on options that gives a S3 class options to the result. This allows the definition of a with method for the options. This is useful to execute a block of code with a set of options.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'options'
with(data, expr, ...)

Arguments

Details

The result of the expression that is evaulated is modified in order to keep the option context it is associated with. The class of the object created by the expression is expanded to include the withOptions class and the withOptions attribute that keeps the context in which the object has been created.

This mechanism has been implemented specially for the automatic printing of objects that happens outside the call to the with.options function and not reflect the options requested by the user when the object is printed.

Value

For the function with.options, the result of the expression given in expr is returned. See details below.

Examples

# part of ?glm
counts <- c(18,17,15,20,10,20,25,13,12)
 outcome <- gl(3,1,9)
 treatment <- gl(3,3)
 print(d.AD <- data.frame(treatment, outcome, counts))
 glm.D93 <- glm(counts ~ outcome + treatment, family=poisson())

summary( glm.D93 )

with( options(show.signif.stars = FALSE,show.coef.Pvalues=FALSE),
	summary( glm.D93) )

a <- try(
  with( options( warn = 2) , warning( "more than a warning" ) ),
	silent = TRUE )
 class( a )