| Alphabetical Index |
| # A B C D E F H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W |
| Index by subject |
| Counters | Internal counters used by LaTeX. |
| Cross References | Automatic referencing. |
| Definitions | Define your own commands etc. |
| Document Classes | Some of the various classes available. |
| Environments | Such as enumerate & itemize. |
| Footnotes | How to produce footnotes. |
| Layout | Controlling the page layout. |
| Lengths | The length commands. |
| Letters | The letter class. |
| Line & Page Breaking | How to insert pagebreaks etc. |
| Making Paragraphs | Paragraph commands. |
| Margin Notes | Putting remarks in the margin. |
| Math Formulae | How to create mathematical formulae. |
| Modes | Paragraph, Math or LR modes. |
| Page Styles | Various styles of page layout. |
| Sectioning | How to section properly. |
| Spaces & Boxes | All the associated commands. |
| Special Characters | Special reserved characters. |
| Splitting the Input | Dealing with big files by splitting. |
| Starting & Ending | The formal start & end layouts. |
| Table of Contents | How to create a table of contents. |
| Terminal Input/Output | User interaction. |
| Typefaces | Such as bold, italics etc. |
| Alphabetical index |
| # | |
| A | |
| B | |
| C | |
| D | |
| E | |
| F | |
| H | |
| I | |
| K | |
| L | |
| M | |
| N | |
| O | |
| P | |
| Q | |
| R | |
| S | |
| T | |
| U | |
| V | |
| W |
| Counters |
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the
environment or command that produces the number, except with no
\. (enumi - enumiv are used for the nested enumerate
environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's
standard document classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection
\addtocounter{counter}{value}
The \addtocounter command increments the
counter by the amount specified by the
value argument. The value argument can be
negative.
\alph{counter}
This command causes the value of the counter to be
printed in alphabetic characters. The \alph command
uses lower case alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b,
c... while the \Alph command uses upper case
alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C....
\arabic{counter}
The \arabic command causes the value of the
counter to be printed in Arabic numbers, i.e.,
3.
\fnsymbol{counter}
The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the
counter to be printed in a specific sequence of nine
symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes.
eg. From 1-9:
NB. counter must have a value between 1 and 9
inclusive.
\newcounter{foo}[counter]
The \newcounter command defines a new counter named
foo. The counter is initialized to zero.
The optional argument [counter] causes the counter
foo to be reset whenever the counter named in the
optional argument is incremented.
\refstepcounter{counter}
The \refstepcounter command works like
\stepcounter See section \stepcounter, except it also defines the current
\ref value to be the result of
\thecounter.
\roman{counter}
This command causes the value of the counter to be
printed in Roman numerals. The \roman command uses
lower case Roman numerals, i.e., i, ii, iii..., while
the \Roman command uses upper case Roman numerals,
i.e., I, II, III....
\stepcounter{counter}
The \stepcounter command adds one to the
counter and resets all subsidiary counters.
\setcounter{counter}{value}
The \setcounter command sets the value of the
counter to that specified by the value
argument.
\usecounter{counter}
The \usecounter command is used in the second
argument of the list environment to allow the counter
specified to be used to number the list items.
\value{counter}
The \value command produces the value of the
counter named in the mandatory argument. It can be
used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second
argument of a \setcounter or
\addtocounter command, or in:
\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
| Cross References |
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
\label{key}
A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns
to the key the number of the current sectional unit;
one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to
the key.
A key can consist of any sequence of letters,
digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
different.
To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are
cha for chapterssec for lower-level sectioning commandsfig for figurestab for tableseq for equationsThus, a label for a figure would look like
fig:bandersnatch.
\pageref{key}
The \pageref command produces the page number of
the place in the text where the corresponding \label
command appears. ie. where \label{key} appears.
\ref{key}
The \ref command produces the number of the
sectional unit, equation number, ... of the corresponding
\label command.
| Definitions |
\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
These commands define (or redefine) a command.
cmd\. For
\newcommand it must not be already defined and must
not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it
must already be defined.argsdefdef.definitioncmd; a parameter of the form #n in
cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when
this substitution takes place.
\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
These commands define or redefine an environment.
nam\newenvironment
there must be no currently defined environment by that name, and
the command \nam must be undefined. For
\renewenvironment the environment must already be
defined.argsdefaultdefault gives the default value for that
argument.begdef\begin{nam}; a parameter of the form #n
in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument
when this substitution takes place.enddef\end{nam}. It may not contain any argument
parameters.
\newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
\newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
This command defines a theorem-like environment.
env_namecaptionwithinnumbered_likeThe \newtheorem command may have at most one
optional argument.
\newfont{cmd}{font_name}
Defines the command name cmd, which must not be
currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named
font_name to be the current font.
| Document Classes |
Valid LaTeX document classes include:
Other document classes are often available. They are selected with the following command:
\documentclass [options] {class}
All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):
10pt, 11pt, 12pt
All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is letter):
a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper
Miscellaneous options:
These options are not available with the slides class:
The slides class offers the option clock for
printing the time at the bottom of each note.
If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.
Additional packages are loaded by a
command. If you specify more than one package, they must be separated by a comma.
Any options given in the \documentclass command
that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to
the packages loaded with \usepackage.
| Layout |
Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages
the same height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill
out the page.
This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.
The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and
produces single-column output.
The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the
height of the text on that page. No extra vertical space is
added.
\twocolumn[text]
The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and
produces two-column output. If the optional text
argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode.
| Environments |
LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
\begin{environment-name}
.
.
.
\end{environment-name}
\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{array}
Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a
single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the
alignment within them. Each column, coln, is specified
by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be
formatted.
c -- for centredl -- for flush leftr -- for flush rightColumn entries must be separated by an &.
Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the
array must be terminated with the string \\.
Note that the array environment can only be used in
math mode, so normally it is used inside an equation
environment.
\begin{center}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{center}
The center environment allows you to create a
paragraph consisting of lines that are centred within the left and
right margins on the current page. Each line must be terminated
with the string \\.
center environment.This declaration corresponds to the center
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment
such as quote or in a parbox. The text of
a figure or table can be centred on the page by putting a
\centering command at the beginning of the figure or
table environment.
Unlike the center environment, the
\centering command does not start a new paragraph; it
simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a
paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain
the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{description}
\item [label] First item
\item [label] Second item
.
.
.
\end{description}
The description environment is used to make
labelled lists. The label is bold face and flushed
right.
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{enumerate}
The enumerate environment produces a numbered list.
Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels
deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments.
Each item of an enumerated list begins with an
\item command. There must be at least one
\item command within the environment.
The enumerate environment uses the
enumi through enumiv counters (see
section Counters). The type of numbering can be
changed by redefining \theenumi etc.
\begin{eqnarray}
math formula 1 \\
math formula 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{eqnarray}
The eqnarray environment is used to display a
sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a
three-column array environment, with consecutive rows
separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row
separated by an &.
An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has
a \nonumber command.
The command \lefteqn is used
for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument
in display style flush left in a box of zero width.
\begin{equation}
math formula
\end{equation}
The equation environment centres your equation on
the page and places the equation number in the right margin.
\begin{figure}[placement]
body of the figure
\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages.
The optional argument [placement] determines where
LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are four places where
LaTeX can possibly put a float:
h (Here) - at the position in the text where the
figure environment appears.t (Top) - at the top of a text page.b (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.p (Page of floats) - on a separate float page,
which is a page containing no text, only floats.The standard report and article classes use the default
placement tbp.
The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX
commands, etc. you wish. The \caption command allows
you to title your figure.
\begin{flushleft}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushleft}
The flushleft environment allows you to create a
paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the
left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with the string
\\.
flushleft environment.This declaration corresponds to the flushleft
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment
such as quote or in a parbox.
Unlike the flushleft environment, the
\raggedright command does not start a new paragraph;
it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a
paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain
the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{flushright}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushright}
The flushright environment allows you to create a
paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed right, to the
right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with the string
\\.
flushright environment.This declaration corresponds to the flushright
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment
such as quote or in a parbox.
Unlike the flushright environment, the
\raggedleft command does not start a new paragraph; it
simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a
paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain
the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{itemize}
The itemize environment produces a "bulleted" list.
Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels
deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments.
Each item of an itemized list begins with an
\item command. There must be at least one
\item command within the environment.
The itemize environment uses the itemi
through itemiv counters (see section Counters). The type of numbering can be changed by
redefining \theitemi etc.
This environment is used for creating letters. See section Letters.
The list environment is a generic environment which
is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is
seldom used in documents, but often in macros.
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{list}
The {label} argument specifies how items should be
labelled. This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a
box to form the label. This argument can and usually does contain
other LaTeX commands.
The {spacing} argument contains commands to change
the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often
be null, i.e., {}. This will select all default
spacing which should suffice for most cases.
\begin{minipage}[position]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
The minipage environment is similar to a
\parbox command. It takes the same optional
position argument and mandatory width
argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a
minipage.
Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in
a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures
or tables. A \footnote or \footnotetext
command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of
at the bottom of the page, and it uses the mpfootnote
counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter See
section Counters.
NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
.
.
picture commands
.
.
\end{picture}
The picture environment allows you to create just
about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows
and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by
specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may
have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like
5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A
coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length
\unitlength, so if \unitlength has been
set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of
\unitlength anywhere you want, using the
\setlength command, but strange things will happen if
you try changing it inside the picture environment.
A position is a pair of coordinates, such as
(2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate
2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
The picture environment has one mandatory argument,
which is a position. It specifies the size of the
picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and
height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.
The picture environment also has an optional
position argument, following the size
argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional
arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The
optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the
lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
For example, if \unitlength has been set to
1mm, the command
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the
\put command. The command
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
puts the object specified by ... in the picture,
with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference
points for various objects will be described below.
The \put command creates an LR
box. You can put anything in the text argument of the
\put command that you'd put into the argument of an
\mbox and related commands. When you do this, the
reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
Picture commands:
\circle[*]{diameter}
The \circle command produces a circle with a
diameter as close to the specified one as possible. If the
*-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid
circle.
Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
Draws a box with a dashed line.
\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}
The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies
the width of each dash. A dashed box looks best when the
width and height are multiples of the
dash_length.
\frame{...}
The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around
the object specified in the argument. The reference point is the
bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the
frame and the object.
\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}
The \framebox command is exactly the same as the
\makebox command, except that it puts a frame around
the outside of the box that it creates.
The framebox command produces a rule of thickness
\fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep
between the rule and the contents of the box.
\line(x slope,y slope){length}
The \line command draws a line of the specified
length and slope.
Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and y have integer values from -6 through 6.
\linethickness{dimension}
Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a
picture environment to be dimension, which must be a
positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted lines
and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval to
form the corners of an oval.
\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
The \makebox command for the picture environment is
similar to the normal \makebox command except that you
must specify a width and height in
multiples of \unitlength.
The optional argument, [position], specifies the
quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the
following:
t - Moves the item to the top of the
rectangleb - Moves the item to the bottoml - Moves the item to the leftr - Moves the item to the rightSee section \makebox.
\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of
copies}{object}
The \multiput command can be used when you are
putting the same object in a regular pattern across a picture.
\oval(width,height)[portion]
The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded
corners. The optional argument, [portion], allows you
to select part of the oval.
t - Selects the top portionb - Selects the bottom portionr - Selects the right portionl - Selects the left portionNote that the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with rounded corners.
\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
The \put command places the item specified by the
mandatory argument at the given coordinates.
\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}
The \shortstack command produces a stack of
objects. The valid positions are:
r - Moves the objects to the right of the
stackl - Moves the objects to the left of the
stackc - Moves the objects to the center of the stack
(default)\vector(x slope,y slope){length}
The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of
the specified length and slope. The x and
y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
The margins of the quotation environment are
indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at both
margins and there is paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line
between text produces a new paragraph.
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
The margins of the quote environment are indented
on the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins.
Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
second row \> \> more \\
.
.
.
\end{tabbing}
The tabbing environment provides a way to align
text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them
much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.
It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the
tabular environment.
The following commands can be used inside a tabbing
environment:
\=\>\<\+\-\'\>,
\<, \', \\, or
\kill command, to the right of the previous column,
flush against the current column's tab stop.\`\` command moves all the text that follows it, up to
the \\ or \end{tabbing} command that ends
the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There
must be no \> or \' command between
the \` and the command that ends the line.\kill\\ except that it throws away the current line instead
of producing output for it. The effect of any \=,
\+ or \- commands in that line remain in
effect.\pushtabstabbing
environment.\pushtabs\pushtabs.\atabbing environment, the commands
\=, \' and \` do not produce
accents as normal. Instead, the commands \a=,
\a' and \a` are used.This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
\begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}
Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages.
The optional argument [placement] determines where
LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where
LaTeX can possibly put a float:
h : Here - at the position in the text where the
table environment appears.t : Top - at the top of a text page.b : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.p : Page of floats - on a separate float page,
which is a page containing no text, only floats.The standard report and article
classes use the default placement [tbp].
The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX
commands, etc., you wish. The \caption command allows
you to title your table.
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular}
or
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular*}
These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
widthtabular* environment.
There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill
out the specified width.post - align on top rowb - align on bottom rowcolsl - A column of left-aligned items.r - A column of right-aligned items.c - A column of centred items.| - A vertical line the full height and depth of
the environment.@{text} - This inserts text in every
row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally
inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted
text and the adjacent items must be included in text. An
\extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all
subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
\extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn
space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An
\extracolsep command can be used only in an
@-expression in the cols argument.p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset
in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of
a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a \\
may not appear in the item, except in the following situations:
minipage,
array, or tabular.\parbox.\centering,
\raggedright, or \raggedleft declaration.
The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment
when used in a p-column element.*{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num
copies of cols, where num is any positive
integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers,
which may contain another *-expression.These commands can be used inside a tabular
environment:
\cline{i-j}
The \cline command draws horizontal lines across
the columns specified, beginning in column i and
ending in column j, which are identified in the
mandatory argument.
The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the
width of the table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of the table.
\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that
spans several columns. The first mandatory argument,
cols, specifies the number of columns to span. The
second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the
formatting of the entry; c for centred, l
for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory
argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the
entry.
The \vline command will draw a vertical line
extending the full height and depth of its row. An
\hfill command can be used to move the line to the
edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
.
.
.
\end{thebibliography}
The thebibliography environment produces a
bibliography or reference list. In the article class,
this reference list is labelled "References"; in the
report class, it is labelled "Bibliography".
widest-label: Text that, when printed, is
approximately as wide as the widest item label produces by the
\bibitem commands.\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
The \bibitem command generates an entry labelled by
label. If the label argument is missing,
a number is generated as the label, using the
enumi counter. The cite_key is any
sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not
containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the
`.aux' file containing cite_key and the
item's label. When this `.aux' file is read
by the \begin{document} command, the item's
label is associated with cite_key,
causing the reference to cite_key by a
\cite command to produce the associated
label.
\cite[text]{key_list}
The key_list argument is a list of citation keys.
This command generates an in-text citation to the references
associated with the keys in key_list by entries on the
`.aux' file read by the \begin{document}
command.
The optional text argument will appear after the
citation, i.e. \cite[p. 2]{knuth} might produce
`[Knuth, p. 2]'.
\nocite{key_list}
The \nocite command produces no text, but writes
key_list, which is a list of one or more citation
keys, on the `.aux' file.
If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
thebibliography environment. Instead, you include the
lines
\bibliographystyle{style}
\bibliography{bibfile}
where style refers to a file
style.bst, which defines how your citations will look.
The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are:
alphaplainunsrtplain, but entries are in order of
citation.abbrvplain, but more compact labels.In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications.
The argument to \bibliography refers to the file
bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in
BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via \cite
and \nocite will be listed in the bibliography.
\begin{theorem}
theorem text
\end{theorem}
The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in
boldface followed by your theorem text.
\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
The titlepage environment creates a title page,
i.e. a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes
the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title
page is left to you. The \today
command comes in handy for title pages.
Note that you can use the \maketitle (see section
\maketitle) command to produce a standard
title page.
\begin{verbatim}
text
\end{verbatim}
The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making
environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It
turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks
having the same effect that they would on a typewriter.
verbatim environment.\verb char literal_text char
\verb*char literal_text char
Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including
special characters and spaces, using a typewriter
(\tt) type style. There may be no space between
\verb or \verb* and char
(space is shown here only for clarity). The *-form
differs only in that spaces are printed as `\verb*| |'.
\begin{verse}
text
\end{verse}
The verse environment is designed for poetry,
though you may find other uses for it.
The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the
lines of each stanza with \\, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
| Footnotes |
Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be
produced with one command, the \footnote command. They
can also be produced with two commands, the
\footnotemark and the \footnotetext
commands. See the specific command for information on why you would
use one over the other.
\footnote[number]{text}
The \footnote command places the numbered footnote
text at the bottom of the current page. The optional
argument, number, is used to change the default
footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph
mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like
\chapter, in figures, tables or in a
tabular environment.
The \footnotemark command puts the footnote
number in the text. This command can be used in inner
paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is supplied by the
\footnotetext command.
This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote by using
\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
after the first \footnote command.
\footnotetext[number]{text}
The \footnotetext command produces the
text to be placed at the bottom of the page. This
command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark
command. The \footnotetext command must appear in
outer paragraph mode.
The optional argument, number, is used to change
the default footnote number.
| Lengths |
A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX
commands take a length as an argument.
\newlength{\gnat}
The \newlength command defines the mandatory
argument, \gnat, as a length command with
a value of 0in. An error occurs if a
\gnat command already exists.
\setlength{\gnat}{length}
The \setlength command is used to set the value of
a length command. The length argument can
be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches
(in), millimeters (mm), points
(pt), etc.
\addtolength{\gnat}{length}
The \addtolength command increments a "length
command" by the amount specified in the length
argument. It can be a negative amount.
\settodepth{\gnat}{text}
The \settodepth command sets the value of a
length command equal to the depth of the
text argument.
\settoheight{\gnat}{text}
The \settoheight command sets the value of a
length command equal to the height of the
text argument.
\settowidth{\gnat}{text}
The \settowidth command sets the value of a
length command equal to the width of the
text argument.
These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
box-making commands See section Spaces &
Boxes. They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the
box. \totalheight equals \height +
\depth. To make a box with the text stretched to
double the natural size, e.g., say
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
| Letters |
You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and
business. The letter document class is designed to
make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if
you so desire.
Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum:
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument
is the name and address of the recipient. For example, you might
have:
\begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
...
\end{letter}
The letter itself begins with the \opening command.
The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX
input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like
\chapter, do not work. The letter closes with a
\closing command.
After the closing, you can have additional
material. The \cc command produces the usual "cc:
...". There's also a similar \encl command for a list
of enclosures. With both these commands, use \\ to
separate the items.
These commands are used with the letter class:
\address{Return address}
The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the
envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by
\\ commands. If you do not make an
\address declaration, then the letter will be
formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead.
If you give an \address declaration, then the letter
will be formatted as a personal letter.
\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}
Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each name is printed on a separate line.
\closing{text}
The letter closes with a \closing command,
i.e.,
\closing{Best Regards,}
\encl{CV\\Certificates}
Generate a list of enclosed material.
\location{address}
This modifies your organization's standard address. This only
appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
\makelabels{number}
If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
\name{June Davenport}
Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address.
\opening{text}
The letter begins with the \opening command. The
mandatory argument, text, is whatever text you wish to
start your letter, i.e.,
\opening{Dear Joe,}
\ps
Use this command before a postscript.
\signature{Harvey Swick}
Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter
underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on
separate lines should be separated by \\ commands.
\startbreaks
Used after a \stopbreaks command to allow page
breaks again.
\stopbreaks
Inhibit page breaks until a \startbreaks command
occurs.
\telephone{number}
This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
firstpage pagestyle is selected.
| Line & Page Breaking |
The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To
produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines,
and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments,
you do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command,
but LaTeX usually does it for you.
\\[*][extra-space]
The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It
has an optional argument, extra-space, that specifies
how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next
line. This can be a negative amount.
The \\* command is the same as the ordinary
\\ command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a
new page after the line.
The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate
the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it
will usually find all correct hyphenation points. The
\- command is used for the exceptional cases.
Note that when you insert \- commands in a word,
the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of
the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page
and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes
the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank
page if necessary.
The \clearpage command ends the current page and
causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
input to be printed.
\enlargethispage{size}
\enlargethispage*{size}
Enlarge the \textheight for the current page by the
specified amount; e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip}
will allow one additional line.
The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the
page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an
explicit \pagebreak.
\fussy
This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, but may produce overfull boxes.
This command cancels the effect of a previous
\sloppy command. section \sloppy
\hyphenation{words}
The \hyphenation command declares allowed
hyphenation points, where words is a list of words,
separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated
by a - character.
\linebreak[number]
The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the
current line at the point of the command. With the optional
argument, number, you can convert the
\linebreak command from a demand to a request. The
number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the
more insistent the request is.
The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the
line so it extends to the right margin.
The \newline command breaks the line right where it
is. It can only be used in paragraph mode.
The \newpage command ends the current page.
\nolinebreak[number]
The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from
breaking the current line at the point of the command. With the
optional argument, number, you can convert the
\nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The
number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the
more insistent the request is.
\nopagebreak[number]
The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX from
breaking the current page at the point of the command. With the
optional argument, number, you can convert the
\nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the
more insistent the request is.
\pagebreak[number]
The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the
current page at the point of the command. With the optional
argument, number, you can convert the
\pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the
more insistent the request is.
\sloppy
This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between words.
Lasts until a \fussy command is issued. section
\fussy.
| Making Paragraphs |
A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines --
lines not containing even a %. A blank line should not
appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math
mode or in the argument of a sectioning command.
\indent
This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
\noindent
When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment definitions easier to read.
| Margin Notes |
The command \marginpar[left]{right} creates a note
in the margin. The first line will be at the same height as the
line in the text where the \marginpar occurs.
When you only specify the mandatory argument right,
the text will be placed
By issuing the command \reversemarginpar, you can
force the marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside)
margin.
When you specify both arguments, left is used for
the left margin, and right is used for the right
margin.
The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a
\hspace{0pt} command.
| Math Formulae |
There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
mathdisplaymathequationThe math environment can be used in both paragraph
and LR mode, but the displaymath and
equation environments can be used only in paragraph
mode. The math and displaymath
environments are used so often that they have the following short
forms:
\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
In fact, the math environment is so common that it
has an even shorter form:
$ ... $ instead of \(...\)
To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you
just type _{exp}. To get
exp to appear as a superscript, you type
^{exp}. LaTeX handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural
way. It even does the right thing when something has both a
subscript and a superscript.
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math
mode. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your
source, you will get the symbol in your output.
In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you
type and puts in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats
mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want
different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four commands for
use in math mode:
\; - a thick space\: - a medium space\, - a thin space\! - a negative thin space\cdots\ddots\frac{num}{den}num divided by
den. eg.\ldots\overbrace{text}\overline{text}\sqrt[root]{arg}root, determines what root to produce, i.e.,
the cube root of x+y would be typed as
$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. eg.\underbrace{text}\underline{text}\vdots| Modes |
When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:
LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
"Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in
when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text
into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode"
when it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in
paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a
string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph
mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new
line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an
\mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to
right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
box was too wide to fit on the line.
LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
\mbox command. You can get it to enter a different
mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode
to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing
commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in
paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or
environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in
paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in,
is called "outer paragraph mode".
| Page Styles |
The \documentclass command determines the size and
position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines
what goes in them.
\maketitle
The \maketitle command generates a title on a
separate title page - except in the article class,
where the title normally goes at the top of the first page.
Information used to produce the title is obtained from the
following declarations:
See section Page Styles for the commands to give the information.
\author{names}
The \author command declares the author(s), where
names is a list of authors separated by
\and commands. Use \\ to separate lines
within a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's
institution or address.
\date{text}
The \date command declares text to be the
document's date. With no \date command, the current
date is used.
\thanks{text}
The \thanks command produces a
\footnote to the title.
\title{text}
The \title command declares text to be
the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX where to start a new
line in a long title.
\pagenumbering{num_style}
Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of
num_style are:
arabic - Arabic numeralsroman - Lowercase Roman numeralsRoman - Uppercase Roman numeralsalph - Lowercase lettersAlph - Uppercase letters\pagestyle{option}
The \pagestyle command changes the style from the
current page on throughout the remainder of your document.
The valid options are:
plain - Just a plain page number.empty - Produces empty heads and feet - no page
numbers.headings - Puts running headings on each page. The
document style specifies what goes in the headings.myheadings - You specify what is to go in the
heading with the \markboth or the
\markright commands.
\markboth{left head}{right head}
The \markboth command is used in conjunction with
the page style myheadings for setting both the left
and the right heading. You should note that a "left-hand heading"
is generated by the last \markboth command before the
end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the
first \markboth or \markright that comes
on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the
page.
\markright{right head}
The \markright command is used in conjunction with
the page style myheadings for setting the right
heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. You should note that a
"left-hand heading" is generated by the last \markboth
command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is
generated by the first \markboth or
\markright that comes on the page if there is one,
otherwise by the last one before the page.
\thispagestyle{option}
The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner
as the \pagestyle command except that it changes the
style for the current page only.
| Sectioning |
Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.
\part\chapter (report and book class only)\section\subsection\subsubsection\paragraph\subparagraphAll sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,
\chapter[optional]{title}
In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two
places as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation,
the sectioning commands have an optional argument that
provides the text for these other two purposes.
All sectioning commands have *-forms that print a
title, but do not include a number and do not make an entry
in the table of contents.
The \appendix command changes the way sectional
units are numbered. The \appendix command generates no
text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of
this command is something like
\chapter{The First Chapter}
...
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
| Spaces & Boxes |
All the predefined length parameters See section Predefined lengths can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
The \dotfill command produces a "rubber length"
that produces dots instead of just spaces.
The \hfill fill command produces a "rubber length"
which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with
spaces.
The \hrulefill fill command produces a "rubber
length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled
with a horizontal rule.
\hspace[*]{length}
The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The
length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX
understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as
well as positive space with an \hspace command. Adding
negative space is like backspacing.
LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line.
If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional
* argument. Then the space is never removed.
\addvspace{length}
The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical
space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been
added to the same point in the output by a previous
\addvspace command, then this command will not add
more space than needed to make the natural length of the total
vertical space equal to length.
The \bigskip command is equivalent to
\vspace{bigskipamount} where
bigskipamount is determined by the document class.
The \medskip command is equivalent to
\vspace{medskipamount} where
medskipamount is determined by the document class.
\smallskip
The \smallskip command is equivalent to
\vspace{smallskipamount} where
smallskipamount is determined by the document
class.
The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length
which can stretch or shrink vertically.
\vspace[*]{length}
The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length
of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands,
i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive
space with an \vspace command.
LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If
you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional
* argument. Then the space is never removed.
\fbox{text}
The \fbox command is exactly the same as the
\mbox command, except that it puts a frame around the
outside of the box that it creates.
\framebox[width][position]{text}
The \framebox command is exactly the same as the
\makebox command, except that it puts a frame around
the outside of the box that it creates.
The framebox command produces a rule of thickness
\fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep
between the rule and the contents of the box.
\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
This is the environment form of \sbox.
The text inside the environment is saved in the box
cmd, which must have been declared with
\newsavebox.
\makebox[width][position]{text}
The \makebox command creates a box just wide enough
to contain the text specified. The width of the box is
specified by the optional width argument. The position
of the text within the box is determined by the optional
position argument.
c -- centred (default)l -- flushleftr -- flushrights -- stretch from left to right margin. The text
must contain stretchable space for this to work.See section \makebox.
\mbox{text}
The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to
hold the text created by its argument.
Use this command to prevent text from being split across lines.
\newsavebox{cmd}
Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is
not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
A parbox is a box whose contents are created in
paragraph mode. The \parbox has two
mandatory arguments:
width - specifies the width of the parbox,
andtext - the text that goes inside the parbox.LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up
with the center of the text line. The optional position
argument allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the
parbox (default is top).
If the height argument is not given, the box will have the natural height of the text.
The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the box. If it is not specified, position is used.
t -- text is placed at the top of the box.c -- text is centred in the box.b -- text is placed at the bottom of the box.s -- stretch vertically. The text must contain
vertically stretchable space for this to work.A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a
small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a
\parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including
ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
minipage environment See section minipage.
\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}
The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower
text. The first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is
to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text
itself is processed in LR mode.
Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a
different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX
would normally think it has. The \raisebox command
lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.
The first optional argument, extend-above, makes
LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount
specified. The second optional argument, extend-below,
makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the
amount specified.
\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}
The \rule command is used to produce horizontal
lines. The arguments are defined as follows:
raise-height - specifies how high to raise the
rule (optional)width - specifies the length of the rule
(mandatory)thickness - specifies the thickness of the rule
(mandatory)
\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
This command typeset text in a box just as for
\makebox. However, instead of printing the resulting
box, it saves it in bin cmd, which must have been
declared with \newsavebox.
\sbox{text}
This commands typeset text in a box just as for
\mbox. However, instead of printing the resulting box,
it saves it in bin cmd, which must have been declared
with \newsavebox.
\usebox{cmd}
Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a
\savebox command.
| Special Characters |
The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "special printing characters", or simply "special characters".
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file,
you are doing something special. If you simply want the character
to be printed just as any other letter, include a \ in
front of the character. For example, \$ will produce
$ in your output.
One exception to this rule is the \ itself because
\\ has its own special meaning. A \ is
produced by typing $\backslash$
in your file.
Also, \~ means `place a tilde accent over the
following letter', so you will probably want to use
\verb instead.
In addition, you can access any character of a font once you
know its number by using the \symbol command. For example, the character
used for displaying spaces in the \verb* command has
the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as
\symbol{32}.
You can also specify octal numbers with ' or
hexadecimal numbers with ", so the previous example
could also be written as \symbol{'40} or
\symbol{"20}.
| Splitting the Input |
A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX.
\include{file}
The \include command is used in conjunction with
the \includeonly command for selective inclusion of
files. The file argument is the first name of a file,
denoting `file.tex'. If file is one the file
names in the file list of the \includeonly command or
if there is no \includeonly command, the
\include command is equivalent to
\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, then
a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is
not in the file list, the \include command is
equivalent to \clearpage.
The \include command may not appear in the preamble
or in a file read by another \include command.
\includeonly{file_list}
The \includeonly command controls which files will
be read in by an \include command. file_list
should be a comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must
match exactly a filename specified in a \include
command. This command can only appear in the preamble.
\input{file}
The \input command causes the indicated
file to be read and processed, exactly as if its
contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. The
file name may be a complete file name with extension or just a
first name, in which case the file `file.tex' is used.
| Starting & Ending |
Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum:
\documentclass{class}
\begin{document}
... your text goes here ...
\end{document}
where the class selected is one of the valid
classes for LaTeX. See section Document
Classes for details of the various document classes available
locally.
You may include other LaTeX commands between the
\documentclass and the \begin{document}
commands (i.e., in the `preamble').
| Table of Contents |
A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command
right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the
rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically
start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of
contents, include a \newpage command after the
\tableofcontents command.
There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for producing a list of figures
and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the
same as for the table of contents.
NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot
have the \nofiles command in your
document.
\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the
specified list or table where:
file is the extension of the file on which
information is to be written: toc (table of contents),
lof (list of figures), or lot (list of
tables).sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It
should be one of the following, depending upon the value of the
file argument:
toc -- the name of the sectional unit, such as
part or subsection.lof -- figurelot -- tableentry is the text of the entry.\addtocontents{file}{text}
The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting
commands) directly to the file that generates the table of contents
or list of figures or tables.
file is the extension of the file on which
information is to be written: toc (table of contents),
lof (list of figures), or lot (list of
tables).text is the information to be written.| Terminal Input/Output |
\typein[cmd]{msg}
Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop
and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
the cmd argument is missing, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of
the \typein command. If the cmd argument
is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then
defined or redefined to be the typed input.
\typeout{msg}
Prints msg on the terminal and in the
log file. Commands in msg that are
defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand
are replaced by their definitions before being printed.
LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single
space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to
msg. A \space command in msg
causes a single space to be printed. A ^^J in
msg prints a newline.
| Typefaces |
The typeface is specified by giving the "size" and
"style". A typeface is also called a "font".
The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
These commands are used like \textit{italics text}.
The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form",
which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts
until the next type style command or the end of the current
group.
The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
\sffamily\bfseries to get sans serif boldface.
You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms;
e.g. \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.
\textrm (\rmfamily)\textit (\itshape)\emph\textmd (\mdseries)\textbf (\bfseries)\textup (\upshape)\textsl (\slshape)\textsf (\sffamily)\textsc (\scshape)\texttt (\ttfamily)\textnormal
(\normalfont)\mathrm\mathbf\mathsf\mathtt\mathit\mathnormal\mathcalIn addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to
bold letters and symbols in formulas.
\mathversion{normal} restores the default.
The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.
\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}.
\tiny\scriptsize\footnotesize\small\normalsize\large\Large\LARGE\huge\HugeThese commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of The LaTeX Companion.
\fontencoding{enc}OT1
and T1.\fontfamily{family}cmr for Computer Modern Romancmss for Computer Modern Sans Serifcmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter\fontseries{series}m Medium (normal)b Boldc Condensedbc Bold condensedbx Bold extended\fontshape{shape}n Upright (normal)it Italicsl Slanted (oblique)sc Small capsui Upright italicsol Outline\fontsize{size}{skip}\baselineskip to use. The unit
of both parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the
baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size.\selectfont\selectfont is
called.\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}\fontencoding,
\fontfamily, \fontseries and
\fontshape with the given parameters, followed by
\selectfont.| LaTeX Reference |
Texmaker
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