TESTINFRA(1)

NAME
testinfra - testinfra Documentation

Latest documentation: https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest

ABOUT

With Testinfra you can write unit tests in Python to test actual state of your servers configured by management tools like Salt, Ansible, Puppet, Chef and so on.

Testinfra aims to be a Serverspec equivalent in python and is written as a plugin to the powerful Pytest test engine

LICENSE

Apache License 2.0

The logo is licensed under the Creative Commons NoDerivatives 4.0 License If you have some other use in mind, contact us.

QUICK START

Install testinfra using pip:

    $ pip install pytest-testinfra
    # or install the devel version
    $ pip install 'git+https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-testinfra@main#egg=pytest-testinfra'

Write your first tests file to test_myinfra.py:

    def test_passwd_file(host):
        passwd = host.file("/etc/passwd")
        assert passwd.contains("root")
        assert passwd.user == "root"
        assert passwd.group == "root"
        assert passwd.mode == 0o644
    def test_nginx_is_installed(host):
        nginx = host.package("nginx")
        assert nginx.is_installed
        assert nginx.version.startswith("1.2")
    def test_nginx_running_and_enabled(host):
        nginx = host.service("nginx")
        assert nginx.is_running
        assert nginx.is_enabled

And run it:

    $ py.test -v test_myinfra.py
    ====================== test session starts ======================
    platform linux -- Python 2.7.3 -- py-1.4.26 -- pytest-2.6.4
    plugins: testinfra
    collected 3 items
    test_myinfra.py::test_passwd_file[local] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_nginx_is_installed[local] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_nginx_running_and_enabled[local] PASSED
    =================== 3 passed in 0.66 seconds ====================

DOCUMENTATION

  Changelog

  10.1.0

•   [NEW] Add Interface.link property

•   [FIX] Make file properties follow symlinks

•   [FIX] Require pytest>=6 and use future annotations for pytest<7 compatibility

  10.0.0

•   [FIX] Ansible: Fix for missing group names in get_variables()

•   [FIX] testinfra/modules/blockdevice: Don't fail on stderr

•   [DOC] Extend and show the documentation of CommandResult

•   [FIX] Extend list of valid suffixes for systemd units

•   [DOC] Add missing Environment doc section

•   [MISC] Define types for plugin.py

•   [FIX] Missing RHEL distribution in package module

•   [NEW] Add brew support in package module

•   [NEW] Add Service.exists

•   [MISC] Make CommandResult a dataclass

  9.0.0

•   [BREAKING] pytest-testinfra now require python >= 3.9

•   [BREAKING] Drop deprecated module PipPackage

•   [NEW] Add support for the SSH ControlPath connection sharing option (#713)

•   [FIX] Retry SSH on ConnectionResetError (#708)

•   [FIX] List openSUSE Leap and Tumbleweed explicitly as rpm based distributions

•   [FIX] Make group name mandatory in group module

  8.1.0

•   [NEW] Add Windows support for File and Service modules

•   [NEW] Add File.is_executable property

  8.0.0

•   [NEW] Add Group.members attribute

•   [NEW] Add File.inode attribute

•   [NEW] Add Interface.routes() method

•   [NEW] Add Docker.is_restarting attribute

•   [FIX] Fix possible error in Interface.default()

•   [FIX] Fix busybox detection in Process module

•   [FIX] Fix possible KeyError in SysInfo module

•   [BREAKING] Drop support for python 3.7

  7.0.1

•   [FIX] Fix command -v compatibility with dash shell

  7.0.0

•   [NEW] Improved ssh config support in Paramiko backend

•   [NEW] Add chroot backend

•   [NEW] Add support for Manjaro-Linux

•   [NEW] Add support for Cloudlinux

•   [BREAKING] Drop support for python 3.6 which is EOL

  6.8.0

•   [NEW] Add support for AlmaLinux and RockyLinux

  6.7.0

•   [NEW] Handle ansible_connection type community.docker.docker

•   [NEW] add ssh_extra_args option

  6.6.0

•   [NEW] Allow to test for user password expiration

•   [NEW] Handle ANSIBLE_SSH_COMMON_ARGS and ANSIBLE_SSH_EXTRA_ARGS environment variables for ansible connections

•   [FIX] Fix encoding issue in salt connections

•   [FIX] Fix AttributeError when "command" is not available and fallback to "which"

  6.5.0

•   Fallback to which when "command -v" fails

•   Use realpath by default to resolve symlinks instead of "readlink -f"

•   ansible: Support environment variables

•   Force package module to resolve to RpmPackage on Fedora

•   Fix new versions of supervisor may exit with status != 0

•   Eventually decode ansible output when it's not ascii

•   Either use python3 or python to get remote encoding

  6.4.0

•   Implement Interface names and default (#615)

•   Implement Service.systemd_properties (#612)

  6.3.0

•   Fix #451 for use with pytest -p no:terminal

•   Add client_version() and server_version() and version() to docker module.

  6.2.0

•   Fix #590: Systeminfo doesn't resolve Windows correctly (#592)

•   First implementation of network namespaces in addr module (#596)

•   pip check support in PipPackage module (#605)

•   pip refactoring: implementation of installed and version (#606)

•   Allow to specify supervisorctl and supervisord.conf paths (#536)

  6.1.0

•   Fix wrong package module on CentOS having dpkg tools installed #570 (#575)

•   Deduplicate hosts returned by get_backends() (#572)

•   Use /run/systemd/system/ to detect systemd (fixes #546)

•   Use ssh_args from ansible.cfg

•   Require python >= 3.6

•   Fix ValueError with python 3.8+ when using --nagios option.

  6.0.0

•   Breaking change: testinfra has moved to the https://github.com/pytest-dev/ organization. Project on PyPi is renamed as pytest-testinfra. A dummy testinfra will make the transition, but you should rename to pytest-testinfra in your requirements files.

  5.3.1

•   Fix newly introduced is_masked property on systemd service https://github.com/philpep/testinfra/pull/569

  5.3.0

•   Add is_masked property on systemd service

  5.2.2

•   iptables: use -w option to wait for iptables lock when running in parallel with pytest-xdist.

  5.2.1

•   Fix documentation build

  5.2.0

•   Allow kubeconfig context to be supplied in kubernetes backend

•   Drop file.__ne__ implementation and require python >= 3.5

  5.1.0

•   Use remote_user and remote_port in ansible.cfg

•   Add arch (architecture) attribute to system_info module

  5.0.0

•   Breaking change: host.file().listdir() is now a method

  4.1.0

•   Pass extra arguments to ansible CLI via host.ansible()

•   New method host.file.listdir() to list items in a directory.

  4.0.0

•   Drop python2 support

  3.4.0

•   Add podman backend and module

•   WARNING: this will be the latest testinfra version supporting python2, please upgrade to python3.

  3.3.0

•   Add extras for backend dependencies (#454)

•   Various enhancements of kitchen integration documentation

•   ansible backend now support "password" field from ansible inventory

•   New backend "openshift"

  3.2.1

•   Fix Process module when working with long strings (username, ...) #505

  3.2.0

•   New module "environment" for getting remote environment variables

•   New module "block_device" exposing block device information

•   Add a global flag --force-ansible to the command line

•   Raise an error in case of missing ansible inventory file

•   Fix an escape issue with ansible ssh args set inventory or configuration file

  3.1.0

•   ssh connections uses persistent connections by default. You can disable this by passing controlpersist=0 to the connections options.

•   ansible ssh connections now use ssh backend instead of paramiko. ansible_ssh_common_args and ansible_ssh_extra_args are now taking in account.

•   Add a new ansible connection options "force_ansible", when set to True, testinfra will always call ansible for all commands he need to run.

•   Handle all ansible connections types by setting force_ansible=True for connections which doesn't have a testinfra equivalent connection (for example "network_cli").

  3.0.6

•   Issue full command logging using DEBUG log level to avoid logging sensible data when log level is INFO.

•   Fix possible crash when parsing ansible inventories #470

•   Support using alternative kubeconfig file in kubectl connections #460

•   Support parsing ProxyCommand from ssh_config for paramiko connections

  3.0.5

•   Set default timeout to 10s on ssh/paramiko connections

•   Add support for ansible inventory parameter ansible_private_key_file

  3.0.4

•   Add support for ansible lxc and lxd connections

  3.0.3

•   Fix paramiko parsing RequestTTY from ssh configs

•   Re-add "groups" key from ansible.get_variables() to be backward compatible with testinfra 2.X

  3.0.2

•   Fix ansible with no inventory resolving to "localhost"

•   Fix support for ansible 2.8 with no inventory

•   Fix ansible/paramiko which wasn't reading hosts config from ~/.ssh/config

•   Allow to pass --ssh-config and --ssh-identity-file to ansible connection

  3.0.1

•   Fix parsing of ipv6 addresses for paramiko, ssh and ansible backends.

•   Fix --connection=ansible invocation when no hosts are provided

  3.0.0

•   New ansible backend fixing support for ansible 2.8 and license issue. See https://github.com/philpep/testinfra/issues/431 for details. This make ansible using testinfra native backends and only works for local, ssh or docker connections. I you have others connection types or issues, please open a bug on https://github.com/philpep/testinfra/issues/new

•   Windows support is improved. "package" module is handled with Chocolatey and there's support for the "user" module.

  2.1.0

•   docker: new get_containers() classmethod

•   socket: fix parsing of ipv6 addresses with new versions of ss

•   service: systemd fallback to sysv when "systemctl is-active" is not working

  2.0.0

•   Add addr module, used to test network connectivity

•   Drop deprecated "testinfra" command, you should use "py.test" instead

•   Drop deprecated top level fixtures, access them through the fixture "host" instead.

•   Drop support for ansible <= 2.4

  1.19.0

•   Add docker module

•   Fix pytest 4 compatibility

  1.18.0

•   Allow to urlencode character in host specification "user:pass@host" (#387)

•   Fix double logging from both pytest and testinfra

•   Drop support for python 2.6

•   Allow to configure timeouts for winrm backend

  1.17.0

•   Add support for ansible "become" user in ansible module

•   Add failed/succeeded property on run() output

  1.16.0

•   packaging: Use setuptools_scm instead of pbr

•   iptables: add ip6tables support

•   sysctl: find sysctl outside of PATH (/sbin)

  1.15.0

•   Fix finding ss and netstat command in "sbin" paths for Centos (359)

•   Add a workaround for https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/3542

•   Handle "starting" status for Service module on Alpine linux

•   Fix no_ssl and no_verify_ssl options for WinRM backend

  1.14.1

•   Fix multi-host test ordering (#347), regression introduced in 1.13.1

•   Fix Socket on OpenBSD hosts (#338)

  1.14.0

•   Add a new lxc backend

•   Socket: fix is_listening for unix sockets

•   Add namespace and container support for kubernetes backend

•   Add a cache of parsed ansible inventories for ansible backend

•   Service: fix service detection on Centos 6 hosts

•   File: implement file comparison with string paths

  1.13.1

•   package: fix is_installed and version behavior for uninstalled packages (#321 and #326)

•   ansible: Use predictibles test ordering when using pytest-xdist to fix random test collections errors (#316)

  1.13.0

•   socket: fix detection of udp listening sockets (#311)

•   ssh backend: Add support for GSSAPI

  1.12.0

•   ansible: fix compatibility with ansible 2.5

•   pip: fix compatibility with pip 10 (#299)

  1.11.1

•   Socket: fix error with old versions of ss without the --no-header option (#293)

  1.11.0

•   Fix bad error reporting when using ansible module without ansible backend (#288)

•   Socket: add a new implementation using ss instead of netstat (#124)

•   Add service, process, and systeminfo support for Alpine (#283)

  1.10.1

•   Fix get_variables() for ansible>=2.0,<2.4 (#274)

•   Paramiko: Use the RequireTTY setting if specified in a provided SSHConfig (#247)

  1.10.0

•   New iptables module

  1.9.1

•   Fix running testinfra within a suite using doctest (#268)

•   Service: add is_valid method for systemd

•   Fix file.linked_to() for Mac OS

  1.9.0

•   Interface: allow to find 'ip' command ousite of PATH

•   Fix --nagios option with python 3

  1.8.0

•   Deprecate testinfra command (will be dropped in 2.0), use py.test instead #135

•   Handle --nagios option when using py.test command

  1.7.1

•   Support for ansible 2.4 (#249)

  1.7.0

•   Salt: allow specify config directory (#230)

•   Add a WinRM backend

•   Socket: ipv6 sockets can handle ipv4 clients (#234)

•   Service: Enhance upstart detection (#243)

  1.6.5

•   Service: add is_enabled() support for OpenBSD

•   Add ssh identity file option for paramiko and ssh backends

•   Expand tilde (~) to user home directory for ssh-config, ssh-identity-file and ansible-inventory options

  1.6.4

•   Service: Allow to find 'service' command outside of $PATH #211

•   doc fixes

  1.6.3

•   Fix unwanted deprecation warning when running tests with pytest 3.1 #204

  1.6.2

•   Fix wheel package for 1.6.1

  1.6.1

•   Support ansible 2.3 with python 3 (#197)

  1.6.0

•   New 'host' fixture as a replacement for all other fixtures. See https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules.html#host (Other fixtures are deprecated and will be removed in 2.0 release).

  1.5.5

•   backends: Fix ansible backend with ansible >= 2.3 (#195)

  1.5.4

•   backends: fallback to UTF-8 encoding when system encoding is ASCII.

•   Service: fix is_running() on systems using Upstart

  1.5.3

•   Sudo: restore backend command in case of exceptions

  1.5.2

•   Honnor become_user when using the ansible backend

  1.5.1

•   Add dependency on importlib on python 2.6

  1.5.0

•   New kubectl backend

•   Command: check_output strip carriage return and newlines (#164)

•   Package: rpm improve getting version() and release()

•   User: add gecos (comment) field (#155)

  1.4.5

•   SystemInfo: detect codename from VERSION_CODENAME in /etc/os-release (fallback when lsb_release isn't installed).

•   Package: add release property for rpm based systems.

  Invocation

  Test multiples hosts

By default Testinfra launch tests on local machine, but you can also test remotes systems using paramiko (a ssh implementation in python):

    $ pip install paramiko
    $ py.test -v --hosts=localhost,root@webserver:2222 test_myinfra.py
    ====================== test session starts ======================
    platform linux -- Python 2.7.3 -- py-1.4.26 -- pytest-2.6.4
    plugins: testinfra
    collected 3 items
    test_myinfra.py::test_passwd_file[localhost] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_nginx_is_installed[localhost] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_nginx_running_and_enabled[localhost] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_passwd_file[root@webserver:2222] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_nginx_is_installed[root@webserver:2222] PASSED
    test_myinfra.py::test_nginx_running_and_enabled[root@webserver:2222] PASSED
    =================== 6 passed in 8.49 seconds ====================

You can also set hosts per test module:

    testinfra_hosts = ["localhost", "root@webserver:2222"]
    def test_foo(host):
        [....]

  Parallel execution

If you have a lot of tests, you can use the pytest-xdist plugin to run tests using multiples process:

    $ pip install pytest-xdist
    # Launch tests using 3 processes
    $ py.test -n 3 -v --host=web1,web2,web3,web4,web5,web6 test_myinfra.py

  Advanced invocation

    # Test recursively all test files (starting with `test_`) in current directory
    $ py.test
    # Filter function/hosts with pytest -k option
    $ py.test --hosts=webserver,dnsserver -k webserver -k nginx

For more usages and features, see the Pytest documentation.

  Connection backends

Testinfra comes with several connections backends for remote command execution.

When installing, you should select the backends you require as extras to ensure Python dependencies are satisfied (note various system packaged tools may still be required). For example

    $ pip install pytest-testinfra[ansible,salt]

For all backends, commands can be run as superuser with the --sudo option or as specific user with the --sudo-user option.

  local

This is the default backend when no hosts are provided (either via --hosts or in modules). Commands are run locally in a subprocess under the current user:

    $ py.test --sudo test_myinfra.py

  paramiko

This is the default backend when a hosts list is provided. Paramiko is a Python implementation of the SSHv2 protocol. Testinfra will not ask you for a password, so you must be able to connect without password (using passwordless keys or using ssh-agent).

You can provide an alternate ssh-config:

    $ py.test --ssh-config=/path/to/ssh_config --hosts=server

  docker

The Docker backend can be used to test running Docker containers. It uses the docker exec command:

    $ py.test --hosts='docker://[user@]container_id_or_name'

See also the Test Docker images example.

  podman

The Podman backend can be used to test running Podman containers. It uses the podman exec command:

    $ py.test --hosts='podman://[user@]container_id_or_name'

  ssh

This is a pure SSH backend using the ssh command. Example:

    $ py.test --hosts='ssh://server'
    $ py.test --ssh-config=/path/to/ssh_config --hosts='ssh://server'
    $ py.test --ssh-identity-file=/path/to/key --hosts='ssh://server'
    $ py.test --hosts='ssh://server?timeout=60&controlpersist=120'
    $ py.test --hosts='ssh://server' --ssh-extra-args='-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no'

By default timeout is set to 10 seconds and ControlPersist is set to 60 seconds. You can disable persistent connection by passing controlpersist=0 to the options.

  salt

The salt backend uses the salt Python client API and can be used from the salt-master server:

    $ py.test --hosts='salt://*'
    $ py.test --hosts='salt://minion1,salt://minion2'
    $ py.test --hosts='salt://web*'
    $ py.test --hosts='salt://G@os:Debian'

Testinfra will use the salt connection channel to run commands.

Hosts can be selected by using the glob and compound matchers.

  ansible

Ansible inventories may be used to describe what hosts Testinfra should use and how to connect them, using Testinfra's Ansible backend.

To use the Ansible backend, prefix the --hosts option with ansible:// e.g:

    $ py.test --hosts='ansible://all' # tests all inventory hosts
    $ py.test --hosts='ansible://host1,ansible://host2'
    $ py.test --hosts='ansible://web*'

An inventory may be specified with the --ansible-inventory option, otherwise the default (/etc/ansible/hosts) is used.

The ansible_connection value in your inventory will be used to determine which backend to use for individual hosts: local, ssh, paramiko and docker are supported values. Other connections (or if you are using the --force-ansible option) will result in testinfra running all commands via Ansible itself, which is substantially slower than the other backends:

    $ py.test --force-ansible --hosts='ansible://all'
    $ py.test --hosts='ansible://host?force_ansible=True'

By default, the Ansible connection backend will first try to use ansible_ssh_private_key_file and ansible_private_key_file to authenticate, then fall back to the ansible_user with ansible_ssh_pass variables (both are required), before finally falling back to your own host's SSH config.

This behavior may be overwritten by specifying either the --ssh-identity-file option or the --ssh-config option

Finally, these environment variables are supported and will be passed along to their corresponding ansible variable (See Ansible documentation):

https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.3/intro_inventory.html

https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/reference_appendices/config.html

•   ANSIBLE_REMOTE_USER

•   ANSIBLE_SSH_EXTRA_ARGS

•   ANSIBLE_SSH_COMMON_ARGS

•   ANSIBLE_REMOTE_PORT

•   ANSIBLE_BECOME_USER

•   ANSIBLE_BECOME

  kubectl

The kubectl backend can be used to test containers running in Kubernetes. It uses the kubectl exec command and support connecting to a given container name within a pod and using a given namespace:

    # will use the default namespace and default container
    $ py.test --hosts='kubectl://mypod-a1b2c3'
    # specify container name and namespace
    $ py.test --hosts='kubectl://somepod-2536ab?container=nginx&namespace=web'
    # specify the kubeconfig context to use
    $ py.test --hosts='kubectl://somepod-2536ab?context=k8s-cluster-a&container=nginx'
    # you can specify kubeconfig either from KUBECONFIG environment variable
    # or when working with multiple configuration with the "kubeconfig" option
    $ py.test --hosts='kubectl://somepod-123?kubeconfig=/path/kubeconfig,kubectl://otherpod-123?kubeconfig=/other/kubeconfig'

  openshift

The openshift backend can be used to test containers running in OpenShift. It uses the oc exec command and support connecting to a given container name within a pod and using a given namespace:

    # will use the default namespace and default container
    $ py.test --hosts='openshift://mypod-a1b2c3'
    # specify container name and namespace
    $ py.test --hosts='openshift://somepod-2536ab?container=nginx&namespace=web'
    # you can specify kubeconfig either from KUBECONFIG environment variable
    # or when working with multiple configuration with the "kubeconfig" option
    $ py.test --hosts='openshift://somepod-123?kubeconfig=/path/kubeconfig,openshift://otherpod-123?kubeconfig=/other/kubeconfig'

  winrm

The winrm backend uses pywinrm:

    $ py.test --hosts='winrm://Administrator:Password@127.0.0.1'
    $ py.test --hosts='winrm://vagrant@127.0.0.1:2200?no_ssl=true&no_verify_ssl=true'

pywinrm's default read and operation timeout can be overridden using query arguments read_timeout_sec and operation_timeout_sec:

    $ py.test --hosts='winrm://vagrant@127.0.0.1:2200?read_timeout_sec=120&operation_timeout_sec=100'

  LXC/LXD

The LXC backend can be used to test running LXC or LXD containers. It uses the lxc exec command:

    $ py.test --hosts='lxc://container_name'

  Modules

Testinfra modules are provided through the host fixture, declare it as arguments of your test function to make it available within it.

    def test_foo(host):
        # [...]

  host

class Host(backend: BaseBackend)

ansible
    testinfra.modules.ansible.Ansible class

addr
    testinfra.modules.addr.Addr class

blockdevice
    testinfra.modules.blockdevice.BlockDevice class

docker
    testinfra.modules.docker.Docker class

environment
    testinfra.modules.environment.Environment class

file
    testinfra.modules.file.File class

group
    testinfra.modules.group.Group class

interface
    testinfra.modules.interface.Interface class

iptables
    testinfra.modules.iptables.Iptables class

mount_point
    testinfra.modules.mountpoint.MountPoint class

package
    testinfra.modules.package.Package class

pip testinfra.modules.pip.Pip class

podman
    testinfra.modules.podman.Podman class

process
    testinfra.modules.process.Process class

puppet_resource
    testinfra.modules.puppet.PuppetResource class

facter
    testinfra.modules.puppet.Facter class

salt
    testinfra.modules.salt.Salt class

service
    testinfra.modules.service.Service class

socket
    testinfra.modules.socket.Socket class

sudo
    testinfra.modules.sudo.Sudo class

supervisor
    testinfra.modules.supervisor.Supervisor class

sysctl
    testinfra.modules.sysctl.Sysctl class

system_info
    testinfra.modules.systeminfo.SystemInfo class

user
    testinfra.modules.user.User class

property has_command_v: bool
    Return True if command -v is available

exists(command: str) -> bool
    Return True if given command exist in $PATH

find_command(command: str, extrapaths: Iterable[str] = ('/sbin', '/usr/sbin')) -> str
    Return path of given command

    raise ValueError if command cannot be found

run(command: str, *args: str, **kwargs: Any) -> CommandResult
    Run given command and return rc (exit status), stdout and stderr

        >>> cmd = host.run("ls -l /etc/passwd")
        >>> cmd.rc
        0
        >>> cmd.stdout
        '-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1790 Feb 11 00:28 /etc/passwd\n'
        >>> cmd.stderr
        ''
        >>> cmd.succeeded
        True
        >>> cmd.failed
        False

    Good practice: always use shell arguments quoting to avoid shell injection

        >>> cmd = host.run("ls -l -- %s", "/;echo inject")
        CommandResult(
            rc=2, stdout='',
            stderr=(
              'ls: cannot access /;echo inject: No such file or directory\n'),
            command="ls -l '/;echo inject'")

run_expect(expected: list[int], command: str, *args: str, **kwargs: Any) -> CommandResult
    Run command and check it return an expected exit status

Parameters
    expected -- A list of expected exit status

Raises
    AssertionError

run_test(command: str, *args: str, **kwargs: Any) -> CommandResult
    Run command and check it return an exit status of 0 or 1

Raises
    AssertionError

check_output(command: str, *args: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str
    Get stdout of a command which has run successfully

Returns
    stdout without trailing newline

Raises
    AssertionError

classmethod get_host(hostspec: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Host
    Return a Host instance from hostspec

    hostspec should be like <backend_type>://<name>?param1=value1&param2=value2

    Params can also be passed in **kwargs (eg. get_host("local://", sudo=True) is equivalent to get_host("local://?sudo=true"))

    Examples:

        >>> get_host("local://", sudo=True)
        >>> get_host("paramiko://user@host", ssh_config="/path/my_ssh_config")
        >>> get_host("ansible://all?ansible_inventory=/etc/ansible/inventory")

  Ansible

class Ansible(module_name, module_args=None, check=True)
    Run Ansible module functions

    This module is only available with the ansible connection backend.

    Check mode is enabled by default, you can disable it with check=False.

    Become is False by default. You can enable it with become=True.

    Ansible arguments that are not related to the Ansible inventory or connection (both managed by testinfra) are also accepted through keyword arguments:

•   become_method str sudo, su, doas, etc.

•   become_user str become this user.

•   diff bool: when changing (small) files and templates, show the differences in those files.

•   extra_vars dict serialized to a JSON string, passed to Ansible.

•   one_line bool: condense output.

•   user str connect as this user.

•   verbose int level of verbosity

        >>> host.ansible("apt", "name=nginx state=present")["changed"]
        False
        >>> host.ansible("apt", "name=nginx state=present", become=True)["changed"]
        False
        >>> host.ansible("command", "echo foo", check=False)["stdout"]
        'foo'
        >>> host.ansible("setup")["ansible_facts"]["ansible_lsb"]["codename"]
        'jessie'
        >>> host.ansible("file", "path=/etc/passwd")["mode"]
        '0640'
        >>> host.ansible(
        ... "command",
        ... "id --user --name",
        ... check=False,
        ... become=True,
        ... become_user="http",
        ... )["stdout"]
        'http'
        >>> host.ansible(
        ... "apt",
        ... "name={{ packages }}",
        ... check=False,
        ... extra_vars={"packages": ["neovim", "vim"]},
        ... )
        # Installs neovim and vim.

exception AnsibleException(result)
    Exception raised when an error occur in an ansible call

    result from ansible can be accessed through the result attribute

        >>> try:
        ...     host.ansible("command", "echo foo")
        ... except host.ansible.AnsibleException as exc:
        ...     assert exc.result['failed'] is True
        ...     assert exc.result['msg'] == 'Skipped. You might want to try check=False'  # noqa

get_variables()
    Returns a dict of ansible variables

        >>> host.ansible.get_variables()
        {
            'inventory_hostname': 'localhost',
            'group_names': ['ungrouped'],
            'foo': 'bar',
        }

  Addr

class Addr(name)
    Test remote address

    Example:

        >>> google = host.addr("google.com")
        >>> google.is_resolvable
        True
        >>> '173.194.32.225' in google.ipv4_addresses
        True
        >>> google.is_reachable
        True
        >>> google.port(443).is_reachable
        True
        >>> google.port(666).is_reachable
        False

    Can also be use within a network namespace.

        >>> localhost = host.addr("localhost", "ns1")
        >>> localhost.is_resolvable
        True

    Network namespaces can only be used if ip command is available because in this case, the module use ip-netns as command prefix. In the other case, it will raise NotImplementedError.

property name
    Return host name

property namespace
    Return network namespace

property namespace_exists
    Test if the network namespace exists

property is_resolvable
    Return if address is resolvable

property is_reachable
    Return if address is reachable

property ip_addresses
    Return IP addresses of host

property ipv4_addresses
    Return IPv4 addresses of host

property ipv6_addresses
    Return IPv6 addresses of host

port(port)
    Return address-port pair

  BlockDevice

class BlockDevice(name)
    Information for block device.

    Should be used with sudo or under root.

    If device is not a block device, RuntimeError is raised.

property is_partition
    Return True if the device is a partition.

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda1").is_partition
        True

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda").is_partition
        False

property size
    Return size if the device in bytes.

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda1").size
        512110190592

property sector_size
    Return sector size for the device in bytes.

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda1").sector_size
        512

property block_size
    Return block size for the device in bytes.

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda").block_size
        4096

property start_sector
    Return start sector of the device on the underlying device. Usually the value is zero for full devices and is non-zero for partitions.

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda1").start_sector
        2048

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/md0").start_sector
        0

property is_writable
    Return True if device is writable (have no RO status)

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda").is_writable
        True

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/loop1").is_writable
        False

property ra
    Return Read Ahead for the device in 512-bytes sectors.

        >>> host.block_device("/dev/sda").ra
        256

  Docker

class Docker(name)
    Test docker containers running on system.

    Example:

        >>> nginx = host.docker("app_nginx")
        >>> nginx.is_running
        True
        >>> nginx.id
        '7e67dc7495ca8f451d346b775890bdc0fb561ecdc97b68fb59ff2f77b509a8fe'
        >>> nginx.name
        'app_nginx'

classmethod client_version()
    Docker client version

classmethod server_version()
    Docker server version

classmethod version(format=None)
    Docker version with an optional format (Go template).

        >>> host.docker.version()
        Client: Docker Engine - Community
        ...
        >>> host.docker.version("{{.Client.Context}}"))
        default

classmethod get_containers(**filters)
    Return a list of containers

    By default return list of all containers, including non-running containers.

    Filtering can be done using filters keys defined on https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/ps/#filtering

    Multiple filters for a given key is handled by giving a list of string as value.

        >>> host.docker.get_containers()
        [<docker nginx>, <docker redis>, <docker app>]
        # Get all running containers
        >>> host.docker.get_containers(status="running")
        [<docker app>]
        # Get containers named "nginx"
        >>> host.docker.get_containers(name="nginx")
        [<docker nginx>]
        # Get containers named "nginx" or "redis"
        >>> host.docker.get_containers(name=["nginx", "redis"])
        [<docker nginx>, <docker redis>]

  Environment

class Environment(name)
    Get Environment variables

    Example:

        >>> host.environment()
        {
            "EDITOR": "vim",
            "SHELL": "/bin/bash",
            [...]
        }

  File

class File(path)
    Test various files attributes

property exists
    Test if file exists

        >>> host.file("/etc/passwd").exists
        True
        >>> host.file("/nonexistent").exists
        False

property is_file
    Test if the path is a regular file

property is_directory
    Test if the path exists and a directory

property is_executable
    Test if the path exists and permission to execute is granted

property is_pipe
    Test if the path exists and is a pipe

property is_socket
    Test if the path exists and is a socket

property is_symlink
    Test if the path exists and is a symbolic link

property linked_to
    Resolve symlink

        >>> host.file("/var/lock").linked_to
        '/run/lock'

property user
    Return file owner as string

        >>> host.file("/etc/passwd").user
        'root'

property uid
    Return file user id as integer

        >>> host.file("/etc/passwd").uid
        0

property group
    Return file group name as string

property gid
    Return file group id as integer

property mode
    Return file mode as octal integer

        >>> host.file("/etc/shadow").mode
        416  # Oo640 octal
        >>> host.file("/etc/shadow").mode == 0o640
        True
        >>> oct(host.file("/etc/shadow").mode) == '0o640'
        True

    You can also utilize the file mode constants from the stat library for testing file mode.

        >>> import stat
        >>> host.file("/etc/shadow").mode == stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRGRP
        True

contains(pattern)
    Checks content of file for pattern

    This uses grep and thus follows the grep regex syntax.

property md5sum
    Compute the MD5 message digest of the file content

property sha256sum
    Compute the SHA256 message digest of the file content

property content
    Return file content as bytes

        >>> host.file("/tmp/foo").content
        b'caf\xc3\xa9'

property content_string
    Return file content as string

        >>> host.file("/tmp/foo").content_string
        'café'

property mtime
    Return time of last modification as datetime.datetime object

        >>> host.file("/etc/passwd").mtime
        datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 15, 20, 25, 40)

property size
    Return size of file in bytes

listdir()
    Return list of items under the directory

        >>> host.file("/tmp").listdir()
        ['foo_file', 'bar_dir']

  Group

class Group(name)
    Test unix group

property exists
    Test if group exists

        >>> host.group("wheel").exists
        True
        >>> host.group("nosuchgroup").exists
        False

property gid

property members
    Return all users that are members of this group.

  Interface

class Interface(name, family=None)
    Test network interfaces

        >>> host.interface("eth0").exists
        True

    Optionally, the protocol family to use can be enforced.

        >>> host.interface("eth0", "inet6").addresses
        ['fe80::e291:f5ff:fe98:6b8c']

property exists

property speed

property addresses
    Return ipv4 and ipv6 addresses on the interface

        >>> host.interface("eth0").addresses
        ['192.168.31.254', '192.168.31.252', 'fe80::e291:f5ff:fe98:6b8c']

property link
    Return the link properties associated with the interface.

        >>> host.interface("lo").link
        {'address': '00:00:00:00:00:00',
        'broadcast': '00:00:00:00:00:00',
        'flags': ['LOOPBACK', 'UP', 'LOWER_UP'],
        'group': 'default',
        'ifindex': 1,
        'ifname': 'lo',
        'link_type': 'loopback',
        'linkmode': 'DEFAULT',
        'mtu': 65536,
        'operstate': 'UNKNOWN',
        'qdisc': 'noqueue',
        'txqlen': 1000}

routes(scope=None)
    Return the routes associated with the interface, optionally filtered by scope ("host", "link" or "global").

        >>> host.interface("eth0").routes()
        [{'dst': 'default',
        'flags': [],
        'gateway': '192.0.2.1',
        'metric': 3003,
        'prefsrc': '192.0.2.5',
        'protocol': 'dhcp'},
        {'dst': '192.0.2.0/24',
        'flags': [],
        'metric': 3003,
        'prefsrc': '192.0.2.5',
        'protocol': 'dhcp',
        'scope': 'link'}]

classmethod names()
    Return the names of all the interfaces.

        >>> host.interface.names()
        ['lo', 'tunl0', 'ip6tnl0', 'eth0']

classmethod default(family=None)
    Return the interface used for the default route.

        >>> host.interface.default()
        <interface eth0>

    Optionally, the protocol family to use can be enforced.

        >>> host.interface.default("inet6")
        None

  Iptables

class Iptables
    Test iptables rule exists

rules(table='filter', chain=None, version=4)
    Returns list of iptables rules Based on output of iptables -t TABLE -S CHAIN command

optionally takes takes the following arguments:

•   table: defaults to filter

•   chain: defaults to all chains

•   version: default 4 (iptables), optionally 6 (ip6tables)

        >>> host.iptables.rules()
        [
            '-P INPUT ACCEPT',
            '-P FORWARD ACCEPT',
            '-P OUTPUT ACCEPT',
            '-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT',
            '-A INPUT -j REJECT'
            '-A FORWARD -j REJECT'
        ]
        >>> host.iptables.rules("nat", "INPUT")
        ['-P PREROUTING ACCEPT']

  MountPoint

class MountPoint(path)
    Test Mount Points

property exists
    Return True if the mountpoint exists

        >>> host.mount_point("/").exists
        True

        >>> host.mount_point("/not/a/mountpoint").exists
        False

property filesystem
    Returns the filesystem type associated

        >>> host.mount_point("/").filesystem
        'ext4'

property device
    Return the device associated

        >>> host.mount_point("/").device
        '/dev/sda1'

property options
    Return a list of options that a mount point has been created with

        >>> host.mount_point("/").options
        ['rw', 'relatime', 'data=ordered']

classmethod get_mountpoints()
    Returns a list of MountPoint instances

        >>> host.mount_point.get_mountpoints()
        [<MountPoint(path=/proc, device=proc, filesystem=proc, options=rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)>,
         <MountPoint(path=/, device=/dev/sda1, filesystem=ext4, options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)>]

  Package

class Package(name)
    Test packages status and version

property is_installed
    Test if the package is installed

        >>> host.package("nginx").is_installed
        True

    Supported package systems:

•   apk (Alpine)

•   apt (Debian, Ubuntu, ...)

•   brew (macOS)

•   pacman (Arch, Manjaro )

•   pkg (FreeBSD)

•   pkg_info (NetBSD)

•   pkg_info (OpenBSD)

•   rpm (RHEL, RockyLinux, Fedora, ...)

property release
    Return the release specific info from the package version

        >>> host.package("nginx").release
        '1.el6'

property version
    Return package version as returned by the package system

        >>> host.package("nginx").version
        '1.2.1-2.2+wheezy3'

  Pip

class Pip(name, pip_path='pip')
    Test pip package manager and packages

property is_installed
    Test if the package is installed

        >>> host.package("pip").is_installed
        True

property version
    Return package version as returned by pip

        >>> host.package("pip").version
        '18.1'

classmethod check(pip_path='pip')
    Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.

        >>> cmd = host.pip.check()
        >>> cmd.rc
        0
        >>> cmd.stdout
        No broken requirements found.

    Can only be used if pip check command is available, for pip versions >= 9.0.0.

classmethod get_packages(pip_path='pip')
    Get all installed packages and versions returned by pip list:

        >>> host.pip.get_packages(pip_path='~/venv/website/bin/pip')
        {'Django': {'version': '1.10.2'},
         'mywebsite': {'version': '1.0a3', 'path': '/srv/website'},
         'psycopg2': {'version': '2.6.2'}}

classmethod get_outdated_packages(pip_path='pip')
    Get all outdated packages with current and latest version

        >>> host.pip.get_outdated_packages(
        ...     pip_path='~/venv/website/bin/pip')
        {'Django': {'current': '1.10.2', 'latest': '1.10.3'}}

  Podman

class Podman(name)
    Test podman containers running on system.

    Example:

        >>> nginx = host.podman("app_nginx")
        >>> nginx.is_running
        True
        >>> nginx.id
        '7e67dc7495ca8f451d346b775890bdc0fb561ecdc97b68fb59ff2f77b509a8fe'
        >>> nginx.name
        'app_nginx'

classmethod get_containers(**filters)
    Return a list of containers

    By default return list of all containers, including non-running containers.

    Filtering can be done using filters keys defined in podman-ps(1).

    Multiple filters for a given key is handled by giving a list of string as value.

        >>> host.podman.get_containers()
        [<podman nginx>, <podman redis>, <podman app>]
        # Get all running containers
        >>> host.podman.get_containers(status="running")
        [<podman app>]
        # Get containers named "nginx"
        >>> host.podman.get_containers(name="nginx")
        [<podman nginx>]
        # Get containers named "nginx" or "redis"
        >>> host.podman.get_containers(name=["nginx", "redis"])
        [<podman nginx>, <podman redis>]

  Process

class Process
    Test Processes attributes

    Processes are selected using filter() or get(), attributes names are described in the ps(1) man page.

        >>> master = host.process.get(user="root", comm="nginx")
        # Here is the master nginx process (running as root)
        >>> master.args
        'nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;'
        # Here are the worker processes (Parent PID = master PID)
        >>> workers = host.process.filter(ppid=master.pid)
        >>> len(workers)
        4
        # Nginx don't eat memory
        >>> sum([w.pmem for w in workers])
        0.8
        # But php does !
        >>> sum([p.pmem for p in host.process.filter(comm="php5-fpm")])
        19.2

filter(**filters)
    Get a list of matching process

        >>> host.process.filter(user="root", comm="zsh")
        [<process zsh (pid=2715)>, <process zsh (pid=10502)>, ...]

get(**filters)
    Get one matching process

    Raise RuntimeError if no process found or multiple process matching filters.

  PuppetResource

class PuppetResource(type, name=None)
    Get puppet resources

    Run puppet resource --types to get a list of available types.

        >>> host.puppet_resource("user", "www-data")
        {
            'www-data': {
                'ensure': 'present',
                'comment': 'www-data',
                'gid': '33',
                'home': '/var/www',
                'shell': '/usr/sbin/nologin',
                'uid': '33',
            },
        }

  Facter

class Facter(*facts)
    Get facts with facter

        >>> host.facter()
        {
            "operatingsystem": "Debian",
            "kernel": "linux",
            [...]
        }
        >>> host.facter("kernelversion", "is_virtual")
        {
          "kernelversion": "3.16.0",
          "is_virtual": "false"
        }

  Salt

class Salt(function, args=None, local=False, config=None)
    Run salt module functions

        >>> host.salt("pkg.version", "nginx")
        '1.6.2-5'
        >>> host.salt("pkg.version", ["nginx", "php5-fpm"])
        {'nginx': '1.6.2-5', 'php5-fpm': '5.6.7+dfsg-1'}
        >>> host.salt("grains.item", ["osarch", "mem_total", "num_cpus"])
        {'osarch': 'amd64', 'num_cpus': 4, 'mem_total': 15520}

    Run salt-call sys.doc to get a complete list of functions

  Service

class Service(name)
    Test services

    Implementations:

•   Linux: detect Systemd, Upstart or OpenRC, fallback to SysV

•   FreeBSD: service(1)

•   OpenBSD: /etc/rc.d/$name check for is_running rcctl ls on for is_enabled (only OpenBSD >= 5.8)

•   NetBSD: /etc/rc.d/$name onestatus for is_running (is_enabled is not yet implemented)

property exists
    Test if service is exists

property is_running
    Test if service is running

property is_enabled
    Test if service is enabled

property is_valid
    Test if service is valid

    This method is only available in the systemd implementation, it will raise NotImplementedError in others implementation

property is_masked
    Test if service is masked

    This method is only available in the systemd implementation, it will raise NotImplementedError in others implementations

property systemd_properties
    Properties of the service (unit).

    Return service properties as a dict, empty properties are not returned.

        >>> ntp = host.service("ntp")
        >>> ntp.systemd_properties["FragmentPath"]
        '/lib/systemd/system/ntp.service'

    This method is only available in the systemd implementation, it will raise NotImplementedError in others implementations

    Note: based on systemctl show

  Socket

class Socket(socketspec)
    Test listening tcp/udp and unix sockets

    socketspec must be specified as <protocol>://<host>:<port>

    This module requires the netstat command to on the target host.

    Example:

•   Unix sockets: unix:///var/run/docker.sock

•   All ipv4 and ipv6 tcp sockets on port 22: tcp://22

•   All ipv4 sockets on port 22: tcp://0.0.0.0:22

•   All ipv6 sockets on port 22: tcp://:::22

•   udp socket on 127.0.0.1 port 69: udp://127.0.0.1:69

property is_listening
    Test if socket is listening

        >>> host.socket("unix:///var/run/docker.sock").is_listening
        False
        >>> # This HTTP server listen on all ipv4 addresses but not on ipv6
        >>> host.socket("tcp://0.0.0.0:80").is_listening
        True
        >>> host.socket("tcp://:::80").is_listening
        False
        >>> host.socket("tcp://80").is_listening
        False

    NOTE: If you don't specify a host for udp and tcp sockets, then the socket is listening if and only if the socket listen on both all ipv4 and ipv6 addresses (ie 0.0.0.0 and ::)

property clients: List[Tuple[str, int] | None]
    Return a list of clients connected to a listening socket

    For tcp and udp sockets a list of pair (address, port) is returned. For unix sockets a list of None is returned (thus you can make a len() for counting clients).

        >>> host.socket("tcp://22").clients
        [('2001:db8:0:1', 44298), ('192.168.31.254', 34866)]
        >>> host.socket("unix:///var/run/docker.sock")
        [None, None, None]

classmethod get_listening_sockets()
    Return a list of all listening sockets

        >>> host.socket.get_listening_sockets()
        ['tcp://0.0.0.0:22', 'tcp://:::22', 'unix:///run/systemd/private', ...]

  Sudo

class Sudo(user=None)
    Sudo module allow to run certain portion of code under another user.

    It is used as a context manager and can be nested.

        >>> Command.check_output("whoami")
        'phil'
        >>> with host.sudo():
        ...     host.check_output("whoami")
        ...     with host.sudo("www-data"):
        ...         host.check_output("whoami")
        ...
        'root'
        'www-data'

  Supervisor

class Supervisor(name, supervisorctl_path='supervisorctl', supervisorctl_conf=None, _attrs_cache=None)
    Test supervisor managed services

        >>> gunicorn = host.supervisor("gunicorn")
        >>> gunicorn.status
        'RUNNING'
        >>> gunicorn.is_running
        True
        >>> gunicorn.pid
        4242

    The path where supervisorctl and its configuration file reside can be specified.

        >>> gunicorn = host.supervisor("gunicorn", "/usr/bin/supervisorctl", "/etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf")
        >>> gunicorn.status
        'RUNNING'

property is_running
    Return True if managed service is in status RUNNING

property status
    Return the status of the managed service

    Status can be STOPPED, STARTING, RUNNING, BACKOFF, STOPPING, EXITED, FATAL, UNKNOWN.

    See http://supervisord.org/subprocess.html#process-states

property pid
    Return the pid (as int) of the managed service

classmethod get_services(supervisorctl_path='supervisorctl', supervisorctl_conf=None)
    Get a list of services running under supervisor

        >>> host.supervisor.get_services()
        [<Supervisor(name="gunicorn", status="RUNNING", pid=4232)>
         <Supervisor(name="celery", status="FATAL", pid=None)>]

    The path where supervisorctl and its configuration file reside can be specified.

        >>> host.supervisor.get_services("/usr/bin/supervisorctl", "/etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf")
        [<Supervisor(name="gunicorn", status="RUNNING", pid=4232)>
         <Supervisor(name="celery", status="FATAL", pid=None)>]

  Sysctl

class Sysctl(name)
    Test kernel parameters

        >>> host.sysctl("kernel.osrelease")
        "3.16.0-4-amd64"
        >>> host.sysctl("vm.dirty_ratio")
        20

  SystemInfo

class SystemInfo
    Return system information

property type
    OS type

        >>> host.system_info.type
        'linux'

property distribution
    Distribution name

        >>> host.system_info.distribution
        'debian'

property release
    Distribution release number

        >>> host.system_info.release
        '10.2'

property codename
    Release code name

        >>> host.system_info.codename
        'bullseye'

property arch
    Host architecture

        >>> host.system_info.arch
        'x86_64'

  User

class User(name=None)
    Test unix users

    If name is not supplied, test the current user

property name
    Return user name

property exists
    Test if user exists

        >>> host.user("root").exists
        True
        >>> host.user("nosuchuser").exists
        False

property uid
    Return user ID

property gid
    Return effective group ID

property group
    Return effective group name

property gids
    Return the list of user group IDs

property groups
    Return the list of user group names

property home
    Return the user home directory

property shell
    Return the user login shell

property password
    Return the encrypted user password

property password_max_days
    Return the maximum number of days between password changes

property password_min_days
    Return the minimum number of days between password changes

property gecos
    Return the user comment/gecos field

property expiration_date
    Return the account expiration date

        >>> host.user("phil").expiration_date
        datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 1, 0, 0)
        >>> host.user("root").expiration_date
        None

  CommandResult

class CommandResult(backend: BaseBackend, exit_status: int, command: bytes, _stdout: str | bytes, _stderr: str | bytes)
    Object that encapsulates all returned details of the command execution.

    Example:

        >>> cmd = host.run("ls -l /etc/passwd")
        >>> cmd.rc
        0
        >>> cmd.stdout
        '-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1790 Feb 11 00:28 /etc/passwd\n'
        >>> cmd.stderr
        ''
        >>> cmd.succeeded
        True
        >>> cmd.failed
        False

property succeeded: bool
    Returns whether the command was successful

        >>> host.run("true").succeeded
        True

property failed: bool
    Returns whether the command failed

        >>> host.run("false").failed
        True

property rc: int
    Gets the returncode of a command

        >>> host.run("true").rc
        0

property stdout: str
    Gets standard output (stdout) stream of an executed command

        >>> host.run("mkdir -v new_directory").stdout
        mkdir: created directory 'new_directory'

property stderr: str
    Gets standard error (stderr) stream of an executed command

        >>> host.run("mkdir new_directory").stderr
        mkdir: cannot create directory 'new_directory': File exists

property stdout_bytes: bytes
    Gets standard output (stdout) stream of an executed command as bytes

        >>> host.run("mkdir -v new_directory").stdout_bytes
        b"mkdir: created directory 'new_directory'"

property stderr_bytes: bytes
    Gets standard error (stderr) stream of an executed command as bytes

        >>> host.run("mkdir new_directory").stderr_bytes
        b"mkdir: cannot create directory 'new_directory': File exists"

  API

  Connection API

You can use testinfra outside of pytest. You can dynamically get a host instance and call functions or access members of the respective modules:

    >>> import testinfra
    >>> host = testinfra.get_host("paramiko://root@server:2222", sudo=True)
    >>> host.file("/etc/shadow").mode == 0o640
    True

For instance you could make a test to compare two files on two different servers:

    import testinfra
    def test_same_passwd():
        a = testinfra.get_host("ssh://a")
        b = testinfra.get_host("ssh://b")
        assert a.file("/etc/passwd").content == b.file("/etc/passwd").content

  Examples

  Parametrize your tests

Pytest support test parametrization:

    # BAD: If the test fails on nginx, python is not tested
    def test_packages(host):
        for name, version in (
            ("nginx", "1.6"),
            ("python", "2.7"),
        ):
            pkg = host.package(name)
            assert pkg.is_installed
            assert pkg.version.startswith(version)
    # GOOD: Each package is tested
    # $ py.test -v test.py
    # [...]
    # test.py::test_package[local-nginx-1.6] PASSED
    # test.py::test_package[local-python-2.7] PASSED
    # [...]
    import pytest
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name,version", [
        ("nginx", "1.6"),
        ("python", "2.7"),
    ])
    def test_packages(host, name, version):
        pkg = host.package(name)
        assert pkg.is_installed
        assert pkg.version.startswith(version)

  Using unittest

Testinfra can be used with the standard Python unit test framework unittest instead of pytest:

    import unittest
    import testinfra
    class Test(unittest.TestCase):
        def setUp(self):
            self.host = testinfra.get_host("paramiko://root@host")
        def test_nginx_config(self):
            self.assertEqual(self.host.run("nginx -t").rc, 0)
        def test_nginx_service(self):
            service = self.host.service("nginx")
            self.assertTrue(service.is_running)
            self.assertTrue(service.is_enabled)
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        unittest.main()

    $ python test.py
    ..
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 2 tests in 0.705s
    OK

  Integration with Vagrant

Vagrant is a tool to setup and provision development environments (virtual machines).

When your Vagrant machine is up and running, you can easily run your testinfra test suite on it:

    vagrant ssh-config > .vagrant/ssh-config
    py.test --hosts=default --ssh-config=.vagrant/ssh-config tests.py

  Integration with Jenkins

Jenkins is a well known open source continuous integration server.

If your Jenkins slave can run Vagrant, your build scripts can be like:

    pip install pytest-testinfra paramiko
    vagrant up
    vagrant ssh-config > .vagrant/ssh-config
    py.test --hosts=default --ssh-config=.vagrant/ssh-config --junit-xml junit.xml tests.py

Then configure Jenkins to get tests results from the junit.xml file.

  Integration with Nagios

Your tests will usually be validating that the services you are deploying run correctly. This kind of tests are close to monitoring checks, so let's push them to Nagios !

The Testinfra option --nagios enables a behavior compatible with a nagios plugin:

    $ py.test -qq --nagios --tb line test_ok.py; echo $?
    TESTINFRA OK - 2 passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped in 2.30 seconds
    ..
    0
    $ py.test -qq --nagios --tb line test_fail.py; echo $?
    TESTINFRA CRITICAL - 1 passed, 1 failed, 0 skipped in 2.24 seconds
    .F
    /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/example/example.py:95: error: [Errno 111] error msg
    2

You can run these tests from the nagios master or in the target host with NRPE.

  Integration with KitchenCI

KitchenCI (aka Test Kitchen) can use testinfra via its shell verifier. Add the following to your .kitchen.yml, this requires installing paramiko additionally (on your host machine, not in the VM handled by kitchen)

    verifier:
      name: shell
      command: py.test --hosts="paramiko://${KITCHEN_USERNAME}@${KITCHEN_HOSTNAME}:${KITCHEN_PORT}?ssh_identity_file=${KITCHEN_SSH_KEY}" --junit-xml "junit-${KITCHEN_INSTANCE}.xml" "test/integration/${KITCHEN_SUITE}"

  Test Docker images

Docker is a handy way to test your infrastructure code. This recipe shows how to build and run Docker containers with Testinfra by overloading the host fixture.

    import pytest
    import subprocess
    import testinfra
    # scope='session' uses the same container for all the tests;
    # scope='function' uses a new container per test function.
    @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
    def host(request):
        # build local ./Dockerfile
        subprocess.check_call(['docker', 'build', '-t', 'myimage', '.'])
        # run a container
        docker_id = subprocess.check_output(
            ['docker', 'run', '-d', 'myimage']).decode().strip()
        # return a testinfra connection to the container
        yield testinfra.get_host("docker://" + docker_id)
        # at the end of the test suite, destroy the container
        subprocess.check_call(['docker', 'rm', '-f', docker_id])
    def test_myimage(host):
        # 'host' now binds to the container
        assert host.check_output('myapp -v') == 'Myapp 1.0'

  Support

If you have questions or need help with testinfra please consider one of the following

  Issue Tracker

Checkout existing issues on project issue tracker

  IRC

You can also ask questions on IRC in #pytest channel on [libera.chat](https://libera.chat/) network.

  pytest documentation

testinfra is implemented as pytest plugin so to get the most out of please read pytest documentation

  Community Contributions

•   Molecule is an Automated testing framework for Ansible roles, with native Testinfra support.

AUTHOR
Philippe Pepiot

COPYRIGHT
2024, Philippe Pepiot