GNU Solfege 3.14.5 Gebruikershandleiding

Tom Cato Amundsen


                
            

Het is toegestaan dit document te kopiëren, distribueren en/of bewerken onder de voorwaarden van de GNU General Public License zoals gepubliceerd door de Free Software Foundation; ofwel versie 3 van de Licentie, of (naar uw keuze) iedere nieuwere versie. De volledige tekst van de Licentie is beschikbaar op Bijlage A, GNU General Public License version 3 .


Inhoudsopgave

1. Introductie
Over deze handleiding
Fouten
Online hulpbronnen
Solfege downloaden
Mailinglijsten
Voorkeurenscherm
Instrumenten
Gebruiker
Externe programma's
Interface
Oefenen
Geluidsinstellingen
Oefenset-editor
Afdrukeditor voor gehoortrainingstest
2. Hulp-alinea's voor de oefeningen
Harmonisch interval
Configuratie
Toetsbindingen
Melodisch interval
Configuratie
Toetsbindingen
Zing interval
Configuratie
Toetsbindingen
Benoem het akkoord
Toetsbindingen
Benoem de candens
Benoem het akkoord
Toetsbindingen
Meerkeuzevragen over muziek
Toetsbindingen
Zing akkoorden
Toetsbindingen
Ritme
Toetsbindingen
Klik het ritme
Dictee
Toetsbindingen
Toonladders
Toetsbindingen
Intonatie
Toetsbindingen
Benoem toon
Handmatige configuratie
Tikken per minuut
Toetsbindingen
Zing 12 willekeurige noten
Toetsbindingen
Benoem intervallen
Harmonisch-progressiedictee
3. Music theory
Scales
Intervals
Seconds
Thirds
Fourth
Fifth
Sixths
Sevenths
Inverting intervals
4. Extending GNU Solfege
Introduction
Lesson files
File encoding
Useful unicode characters
Comments
Types
Global variables
Lesson file contents
Header block
Question block
music objects
Functions
Operators
The chord module
The compareintervals module
The dictation module
The elembuilder module
The element block
The header block
The question block
The harmonicinterval module
The idbyname module
Question block
The idproperty module
The idtone module
The melodicinterval module
The nameinterval module
The rhythm module
The rhythmtapping module
The rhythmtapping2 module
The singanswer module
The singchord module
The singinterval module
The mpd module
Midi instrument names
Percussion instrument names
A. GNU General Public License version 3
B. Geen echte documentatie...
Geen echte documentatie...
Welkom bij GNU Solfege

Lijst van figuren

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.

Hoofdstuk 1. Introductie

Over deze handleiding

De handleiding is beschikbaar binnen GNU Solfege via het menu Hulp. De HTML-lezer die in het programma zit heeft een aantal beperkingen, bijvoorbeeld in het gebruik van CSS-style sheets, dus mogelijk wilt u de handleiding in een echte webbrowser bekijken. De map waarin de handleiding staat vindt u in Bestandslocaties in het menu Hulp.

Fouten

Fouten kunt u melden op http://bugs.solfege.org. Ook kunt u een mail sturen naar . Algemene vragen en verbeterde code kunt u sturen naar .

Beschrijf de fouten a.u.b. gedetailleerd. ''Ik krijg een foutmelding in een scherm als ik het programma start.'' is niet heel bruikbaar. Als u fouten meldt:

  • Noem de versie van Solfege. Controleer of een nieuwere versie beschikbaar is. Als u alleen stabiele versies wilt gebruiken, dan hoeft u de nieuwe ontwikkelversie niet te proberen.

  • Welke besturingssysteem gebruikt u? En welke versie?

  • Beschrijf precies welke handelingen u uitvoerde toen te fout optrad.

  • Stuur een exacte kopie van de foutmelding op. Zelfs als deze cryptisch lijkt, bevat het nuttige informatie voor de Solfege-auteur.

Online hulpbronnen

De startpagina van Solfege is http://www.solfege.org. Er bestaat ook een kleinere pagina met meer statische informatie op http://www.gnu.org/software/solfege/.

Solfege downloaden

De broncode is beschikbaar op http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Als u avontuurlijk bent aangelegd, kunt u een onstabiele versie (met meer fouten, maar ook meer mogelijkheden) op http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/solfege vinden en uitproberen.

Broncode en enkele voorgecompileerde binaries zijn beschikbaar op http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1465.

Als u Debian als besturingssysteem heeft, kunt u met de opdracht apt-get install solfege het programma downloaden en installeren.

Mailinglijsten

Zeer weinig berichten, onder toezicht en wordt gebruikt om stabiele versies van Solfege aan te kondigen. (Abonnement | Archief)

Als u problemen met het installeren of het uitvoeren van Solfege heeft, of als u vragen, opmerkingen of ideëen over het verder verbeteren van Solfege heeft, wordt u uitgenodigd dit op de mailinglijst te posten in plaats van het berichtenforum van Sourceforge of direct aan de auteur. U kunt berichten naar solfege-devel sturen zonder zich eerst in te schrijven. (Inschrijven | Archief)

Het standaard-GNU-adres om fouten te melden. Deze lijst wordt momenteel doorgestuurd naar

Voorkeurenscherm

Instrumenten

Schermafdruk van het tabblad Instrumenten van het voorkeurenscherm.

Tempo

Zet het tempo (slagen per minuut) voor muziek en arpeggio's.

Voorkeursinstrument

Het MIDI-instrument en de geluidssterkte instellen.

Snaarinstrumenten

Solfege kan drie verschillende instrumenten gebruiken bij het spelen van akkoorden. Eén voor de hoogste tonen, één voor de tonen in het middengebied en één voor de bastonen. Dit kan behulpzaam zijn als u moeite heeft met het onderscheiden van de individuele tonen.

Percussieinstrumenten van voorkeur

Stel het percussieinstrument in voor het aftellen van de ritmevragen en het instrument waarmee de vraag wordt gespeeld.

Gebruiker

Schermafdruk van het tabblad Gebruiker van het Voorkeurenscherm

Solfege gebruikt deze informatie in sommige oefeningen waar de gebruiker geacht wordt te zingen.

Laagste/hoogste toon die de gebruiker kan zingen

Deze stelknoppen vertellen Solfege wat de hoogste en laagste toon is die de gebruiker kan zingen. Deze waarden worden door het programma als advies geschouwd. Als bijvoorbeeld de waarden ingesteld zijn op c tot c' en u heeft het programma zodanig geïnstrueerd dat u kleine en grote deciemen moet zingen, dan zult u ook tonen buiten het bereik moeten zingen.

Stemsoort

Solfege moet weten of de gebruiker een man of een vrouw/kind is bij het aanmaken van sommige vragen waarin de gebruiker de antwoorden moet zingen. De reden is dat de mannelijke stem een octaaf lager klinkt dan de vrouwelijke en jeugdige stemmen.

Externe programma's

Schermafdruk van tabblad 'Externe programma's' van het Voorkeurenscherm.

Solfege zal het PATH afzoeken naar programma's die u op deze pagina invoert. U hoeft dus alleen maar het volledige pad op te geven als de programma's buiten PATH zijn geïnstalleerd.

Omzetters

Opdrachtregels invoeren waarmee verschillende geluidssoorten omgezet kunnen worden. %(in)s zal worden vervangen door de naam van het bestand dat geconverteerd moet worden en %(out)s met de naam van het resultaatbestand. Het is niet nodig om %(out)s op te geven als het programma de uitvoer automatisch bewaard in een nieuw bestand met de juiste bestandsextensie.

Audiobestandspelers

Opdrachten waarmee verschillende soorten geluidsbestanden afgespeeld kunnen worden. %s zal worden vervangen door de naam van het af te spelen bestand. De bestandsnaam wordt toegevoegd aan het einde van de tekenreeks als u niet ook een %s opgeeft.

Diversen

Enkele oefeningen maken gebruikt van de programma's CSound en MMA. Lilypond-book is vereist om afdrukken van gehoortrainingtesten te maken en LaTeX is vereist voor het afdrukken in DVI. Zonder LaTeX kunt u wel HTML-uitvoer genereren.

als het ingevoerde bestand de extensie .py heeft, dan zal het script met dezelfde python-interpreter worden uitgevoerd als Solfege zelf.

"E-mail" definieert de opdracht waarmee het e-mailprogramma wordt gestart als u op e-mailadressen in de gebruikershandleiding klikt.

Interface

Schermafdruk van het tabblad 'Interface' in het Voorkeurenscherm.

Toon gebruikershandleiding in webbrowser: gebruik dit als een alternatief voor de ingebouwde hulptekstenbrowser.

Instelbare grootte hoofdvenster: laat de gebruiker de grootte van het hoofdvenster van Solfege aanpassen.

Kies uw taal: u kunt de taal handmatig instellen als Solfege die niet correct heeft gedetecteerd of als u een andere taal dan die van het besturingssysteem wilt gebruiken.

Oefenen

Schermafdruk van het tabblad 'Oefenen' in het Voorkeurenvenster.

Een nieuwe vraag mag pas gesteld worden nadat de vorige is beantwoord: schakelt de 'Nieuw'-knop uit totdat de vraag juist is beantwoord of de gebruiker op de knop "Opgeven" klikt.

Vraag herhalen na fout antwoord: speelt het geluid opnieuw af als de gebruikers een onjuist antwoord heeft gegeven.

Expertmodus: bij veel oefeningen kunt u ervoor kiezen een deelverzameling van de vragen in het lesbestand te oefenen.

Geluidsinstellingen

Schermafdruk van het tabblad 'Geluidsinstellingen' van het Voorkeurenvenster.
Schermafdruk van het tabblad 'Geluidsinstellingen' van het Voorkeurenscherm, onder Windows XP.

MIDI-instellingen

Geluid kan op drie manieren worden afgespeeld:

Geen geluid:

Gebruik deze optie voor het opsporen van fouten of bij het omzetten van Solfege. Er worden geen geluiden afgespeeld en de MIDI-gebeurtenissen worden afgedrukt naar stdout.

Apparaat gebruiken:

De beste keuze voor deze opties is meestal /dev/music omdat deze percussieinstrumenten het best ondersteunt. /dev/sequencer2 is meestal een symbolische koppeling met /dev/music. Als uw systeem niet over een /dev/music beschikt, kunt u deze als volgt (als root) aanmaken (Linux kernelversie 2.2 of nieuwer):

cd /dev mknod music u 14 8

Onder Windows is deze keuze gelabeld Windows multimedia output.

Externe MIDI-speler gebruiken:

Deze optie kan handig zijn bij het omzetten naar systemen die geen OSS gebruiken of bij geluidskaarten met een slechte MIDI-synthesiser waardoor uw timidity wilt gebruiken.

Oefenset-editor

Schermafdruk van het oefenset-editorscherm

De oefenset-editor maakt het mogelijk MIDI/WAV/MP3/OGG-bestanden van vrangen aan te maken zodat u deze op uw PDA, mobiele telefoon of MP3-speler kunt zetten. Er wordt een oplossingenpagina aangemaakt die u kunt afdrukken. U laat de MP3-speler de nummers in willekeurige volgorde afspelen en met de oplossingenpagina controleren of u de muziek kunt herkennen.

U kunt de oefenset-editor gebruiken om op te geven welke oefeningen aangemaakt moeten worden. De definities bewaart u in een bestand voor toekomstig gebruik. Iedere keer dat u op knop Exporteren klikt, wordt een nieuwe verzameling bestanden aangemaakt in een map naar keuze. U kunt de gegenereerde geluidsbestanden handmatig op uw mobiele apparaat zetten.

Het programma laat uw vragen aanmaken uit zoveel lesbestanden als u wenst, maar meestal wordt er een grote hoeveelheid vragen gegenereerd uit een enkele bestand of uit een beperkt aantal bestanden.

De programma's om tussen verschillende bestandsoorten te converteren worden gedefinieerd in het tabblad Externe programma's van het Voorkeurenscherm. Controleer de instellingen a.u.b. als u problemen ondervindt bij het omzetten van de MIDI-bestanden naar WAV, MP3 of OGG.

Tabelkoppen uitgelegd

Aantal

Het aantal vragen om uit de lesbestanden te genereren.

Herhaal

Het aantal malen dat een vraag herhaald moet worden.

Tijdsvertraging

De lengte van de pauze tussen de vragen, uitgedrukt in de duur van een kwartnoot.

Afdrukeditor voor gehoortrainingstest

Deze functie is beschikbaar in het menu Bestand. Gebruik het om gehoortrainingstesten aan te maken die op papier afgedrukt kunnen worden. Solfege zal twee versies van het document aanmaken: een voor de leerling om in te vullen en een met de correcte antwoorden reeds ingevuld.

De knop Toevoegen toont een menu met alle oefeningen uit de actieve leerboom waaruit dit hulpmiddel oefeningen kan aanmaken. Tijdens het afdrukken worden de oefenmodules idbyname, melodicinterval en harmonicinterval gebruikt. Voor lesbestanden die geschreven zijn voor de module idbyname worden alleen de muziekobjecten chord, rvoice and voice ondersteund.

Hoofdstuk 2. Hulp-alinea's voor de oefeningen

Harmonisch interval

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens het oefenen van intervallen gebruikmakend van de knoppeninterface.

Deze oefening is een van de oefeningen die u kunt gebruiken om intervallen te oefenen. Het idee is eenvoudig: u klikt op de knop Nieuw interval om een willekeurig interval te spelen en vervolgens vertelt u welk interval dat was.

Als u de knoppeninterface gebruikt, kunt u rechtklikken op de knoppen om de respectievelijke intervallen te beluisteren.

Configuratie

Op de configuratiepagina van de oefening is een keuzelijst waaruit u de verschillende wijze van beantwoording van de vraag kunt kiezen. Momenteel is er een piano, gitaar, bas en enkele typen accordeon naast de standaardknoppeninterface. Hieronder staat een schermafdruk van de pianointerface.

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens het oefenen van intervallen gebruikmakend van de knoppeninterface.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw interval: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Herhaal melodisch: Alt+m

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Kleine secunde: 1Reine kwart: 2Grote sext: 3Kleine none: 4
Grote secunde: qDrietoon: wKleine septiem: eGrote none: r
Kleine terts: aReine kwint: sGrote septiem: dKleine decime: f
Grote terts: zKleine sext: xRein octaaf: cGrote decime: v

Melodisch interval

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens het oefenen van intervallen gebruikmakend van de knoppeninterface.

Deze oefening creëert willekeurige intervallen en u moet proberen deze te benoemen.

Als u de knoppeninterface gebruikt, kunt u rechtklikken op de knoppen om de respectievelijke intervallen te beluisteren.

Configuratie

Op de configuratiepagina van de oefening is een keuzelijst waaruit u de verschillende wijze van beantwoording van de vraag kunt kiezen. Momenteel is er een piano, gitaar, bas en enkele typen accordeon naast de standaardknoppeninterface. Hieronder staat een schermafdruk van de pianointerface.

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens het oefenen van intervallen gebruikmakend van de knoppeninterface.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuwe vraag: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Kleine secunde: 1Reine kwart: 2Grote sext: 3Kleine none: 4
Grote secunde: qDrietoon: wKleine septiem: eGrote none: r
Kleine terts: aReine kwint: sGrote septiem: dKleine decime: f
Grote terts: zKleine sext: xRein octaaf: cGrote decime: v

Zing interval

Schermafdruk van een interval-zingoefening.

In deze oefening zal Solfege één of meerdere intervallen tonen en wordt u geacht deze te zingen. Helaas is het nog niet mogelijk in een microfoon te zingen en Solfege vervolgens te laten bepalen of u het goed gezongen hebt. U zult dus zelf moeten bepalen of het juist of onjuist was.

Configuratie

Het programma zal een vraag proberen te maken waarbij alle tonen binnen het stembereik van de gebruiker liggen, zoals dat is opgegeven in het Voorkeurenscherm. Soms is het niet mogelijk de vraag binnen dit bereik te houden, bijvoorbeeld als de oefening zo is ingesteld dat er veel intervallen worden gemaakt die alle opgaande zijn.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw interval: Alt+n

  • Nieuw interval, de laatste was juist: Alt+n

  • Nieuw interval, de laatste was onjuist: Alt+w

  • De eerste toon herhalen: Alt+r

  • Het antwoord spelen: Alt+p

  • De laatste toon spelen: Alt+l

Benoem het akkoord

Schermafdruk van het programma.

Het doel van deze oefening is het gespeelde akkoord te benoemen.

Begin de oefening door op Nieuw te klikken. Solfege zal dan een akkoord spelen en u moet deze benoemen door op een van de knoppen onder de lege muziekbalk op de te klikken.

Als u keuze juist is zal het programma het akkoord op de muziekbalk tonen het de melding "Juist" in de statusbalk laten knipperen. U kunt op de knop Nieuw klokken voor de volgende vraag.

Als uw keuze onjuist is wordt de melding "Onjuist" in de statusbalk getoond.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw akkoord: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Herhaal arpeggio: Alt+a

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Benoem de candens

Benoem de cadens door op de knop met zijn naam te klikken. Zoals bevestigt in bug #5 hebben we cadensoefeningen in Solfege nodig.

In deze versie van Solfege hebben we slechts één oefening met candensen in majeur. De majeure ladder wordt gespeeld om de tonica te krijgen. Misschien is dit te weinig? Hebben we een complete I-IV-V-I voor deze oefening nodig? Of is het misschien beter om echte muziek te schrijven dat eindigt in de cadens die we willen oefenen? Deze zaken moeten we beschrijven voor versie 3.12.0. Commentaar en muziek kan worden toegevoegd aan bug #5.

Benoem het akkoord

Schermafdruk van het programma.

Deze pagina is een algemene hulppagina voor alle oefeningen die met de akkoordoefenmodule geschreven zijn. Deze oefeningen kunnen de gebruiker om drie zaken vragen: akkoordtype, inversie en hoogste toon. Het idee is that u antwoord geeft in drie stappen:

  • Benoem het akkoordtype.

  • Wat is de inversie?

  • Welke toon is de hoogste toon in het akkoord?

Het is belangrijk dat u de tijd neemt, misschien een akkoord zingt en het akkoordtype benoemd voordat u probeert de inversie te vinden.

Merk op dat het ook mogelijk is dat een oefening alleen vraagt naar het akkoordtype en de inversie, of zelfs enkel naar de inversie en de hoogste toon.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw akkoord: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Herhaal arpeggio: Alt+a

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Meerkeuzevragen over muziek

Schermafdruk van het programma.

Deze pagina is een algemene hulppagina over alle oefeningen die geschreven zijn met de idproperty-oefenmodule. Oefeningen zullen vaak meer specifieke hulpteksten bevatten dan deze.

De bovenstaande schermafdruk toont een voorbeeld hoe een oefening eruit kan zien.

De oefening toont een vraag en speelt wat muziek af, en u moet één antwoord selecteren uit iedere kolom in de knoppentabel. Als u het juiste antwoord selecteert, dan wordt de knoptekst vet afgedrukt en wordt de melding "Juist" knipperend in de statusbalk getoond.

De oefening zal een knop Herhaal arpeggio hebben als een of meerdere oefeningen door het programma gearpeggieerd kunnen worden gespeeld.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw akkoord: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Herhaal arpeggio: Alt+a

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Zing akkoorden

Schermafdruk van het programma.

Als u een koor dirigeert, dan zult u de begintoon van de verschillende stemmen moeten zingen. Als u geen piano bij de hand heeft, zult u een stemvork moeten gebruiken. Bent u een man, zing dan de noten voor de vrouwelijke stemmen een oktaaf lager, en visa versa.

Het programma zal noot A (440Hz) voor uw spelen en het akkoord weergeven dat u moet zingen. Solfege ondersteunt nog niet het gebruik van een microfoon, dus u zult zelf moeten bepalen of het antwoord juist of onjuist is.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw: Alt+n

  • 440hz: Alt+z

  • Antwoord herhalen: Alt+p

Ritme

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens de akkoordenoefening.

Het programma speelt een willekeurig gegenereerd ritme en de gebruiker moet dit naspelen. De gebruiker voert het ritme in door op knoppen te klikken die staan voor verschillende ritmische elementen.

Als u voldoende ritmische elementen hebt ingevoerd zal Solfege het antwoord controleren. Als het allemaal juist is wordt er een blij gezicht getoond en anders een verdrietig gezicht en worden alle verkeerde ritmen gemarkeerd.

Als een deel van uw antwoord fout is, wordt alles vanaf het eerste onjuiste element verwijderd bij het klikken op het verdrietige gezicht of als u klikt op de ritmenknoppen bovenaan de pagina (waarbij de juiste ritmen in het begin van uw antwoord bewaard blijven).

U kunt op de knop 'Afspelen' klikken om uw suggestie te horen.

De vragen voor deze oefening worden momenteel gemaakt door ritmeelementen willekeurig te selecteren. Dit is niet de beste manier en we hopen een slimmere manier om vragen aan te maken in latere versie aan te kunnen bieden.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

  • Terug: Backspace

Klik het ritme

Het programma zal een willekeurig gegenereerd ritme afspelen en de gebruiker moet dit ritme reproduceren. De gebruiker voert het ritme in door het klikken op de knop genaamd Klik hier.

Dictee

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens een dicteeoefening.

Deze oefening wordt de dictee-oefening genoemd maar, als de noodzakelijke lesbestanden geschreven zijn, kan het op verschillende manieren gebruikt worden:

  • U kunt Solfege wat muziek laten spelen dat u vervolgens op papier zet. Klik op de knoppen met een kwartnoot-afbeelding om de kleinere delen van de muziek te herhalen. Door op de knop Weergeven te klikken kunt u zelf de noten controleren om te zien of dit goed is gegaan.

  • U kunt deze oefening gebruiken voor het oefenen in bladlezen: als u de oefening begint, klikt u op Weergeven en probeert u de muziek te zingen. Vervolgens klikt u op Speel de muziek in zijn geheel of op de kwartnoot-knoppen om het programma de muziek te laten spelen. U moet zelf bepalen of u hierin bent geslaagd.

Toetsbindingen

  • Speel de muziek in zijn geheel: Alt+p

  • Toon: Alt+s

Toonladders

Toonladder vormen een lastig geheel. Zo is bijvoorbeeld de Griekse Lydian (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) verschillend van de middeleeuwse en moderne lydian (C-D-E-F#-G-A-B-C). U kunt hier alles lezen over de toonladders die in GNU Solfege worden gebruikt.

Tot dusver heeft Solfege drie varianten toonladderoefeningen.

  • Solfege zal een toonladder spelen en u moet aangeven welke ladder het is door te klikken op de knop met de laddernaam.

  • Solfege zal een toonladder spelen en u dient de structuur van de ladder te bepalen. Hiertoe krijgt u een verzameling knoppen voorgeschoteld met als opschriften '1', '2' en '3'. Deze getallen staan voor de intervallen kleine secunde, grote secunde en kleine terts die tussen de tonen van de ladder zitten.

  • Solfege zal een ladder spelen en u moet de rang bepalen. Solfege kan bijvoorbeeld een kleine natuurlijke ladder kiezen en beginnen te spelen bij een van de noten. U moet dan bepalen wat de beginnoot is.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Langzaam herhalen: Alt+s

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Intonatie

Schermafdruk van het programma.

In deze oefening speelt Solfege een interval en moet u vertellen hoe het interval is geïntoneerd. Dit kunt u doen door te klikken op een van de knoppen genaamd 'te klein', 'rein' of 'te groot'. Het is ook mogelijk dat een van deze knoppen ontbreekt.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw: Alt+n

  • Herhaal: Alt+r

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

  • Toon: Alt+s

Benoem toon

Schermafdruk van het programma.

Dit is een combinatie van toongeheugen en intervaloefening. Sommigen geloven dat u met deze oefening met een absoluut gehoor kunt krijgen, maar ik denk van niet.

Het principe is: het programma speelt een toon en u moet deze benoemen door het te vergelijken met de laatste toon die voor u gespeeld is.

Om u op gang te helpen speelt het programma één toon en laat de naam in de statusbalk zien. U benoemde de tonen door op de pianotoetsen te klikken of met de sneltoetsen waarvan de letters op iedere toets staan.

Rechtsklik op de pianotoetsen om de noot te horen zonder deze te hoeven raden. (Er zijn mensen die dit valsspelen noemen...)

Handmatige configuratie

U kunt de oefening idbyname naar wens configureren als u DiverseZelf configurerenHerkenningstoon selecteert.

Er zijn verschillende manieren om deze oefening te gebruiken. Persoonlijk heb ik deze oefening niet veel gebruikt en de onderstaande paragrafen zijn slechts suggesties.

Noot voor noot

Begin met alleen de noten c-d-e met gewicht 1. Als u score minstens 96% correct is, voegt u toon f toe en gaat u verder. Het menu DiverseBenoem de toon bevat oefneningen die stap-voor-stap tonen toevoegen, totdat u met alle 12 tonen oefent.

Zware A

'Zware A' beschrijft een andere wijze van oefening. Het vereist dat u DiverseZelf configurerenHerkenningstoon selecteert.

Configureer de toon A op gewicht 11 (of hoger) en de rest van de tonen op gewicht 1. Op deze wijze speelt het programma de toon zeer vaak, zodat u deze toon zult onthouden en vervolgens gebruiken als referentie om de andere tonen te benoemen. Als u dit een tijdje hebt oefend, dan kunt u het gewicht iets reduceren om de oefening moeilijker te maken.

Configuratie

Bovenaan de configuratiepagina kunt u het programma instrueren hoe belangrijk de verschillende tonen zijn. Als u bijvoorbeeld toon A 11 punten en de rest 1 punt geeft, dan zullen (11+11*1)/11*100 = 50% van de willekeurige tonen een A zijn.

Hieronder kunt u selecteren van welke octaven de willekeurige tonen moeten komen.

U kunt selecteren of Solfege u een automatisch een nieuwe vraag moet stellen als u de oude heeft opgelost.

In het kader hieronder kunt u enkele voor de handliggende opties instellen wat er moet gebeuren bij een onjuist antwoord.

De sneltoetsen kunnen in het configuratiebestand worden ingesteld. U kunt de locatie van dit bestand vinden in HulpBestandslocaties.

Tikken per minuut

Het programma speelt een tempo zoals een metronoom. U moet proberen te raden hoeveel tikken per minuut worden gespeeld.

Opmerking: het ritme hangt af van de functie gtk timeout_add en is daarom niet heel erg precies.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw tempo: Alt+n

  • Opgeven: Alt+g

Zing 12 willekeurige noten

In deze oefening toont het programma alle twaalf noten op de ladder in een willekeurige volgorde en speelt het de eerste. U kunt alle noten nazingen en nagaan of de laatste noot overeenkomt. Dit is dus eigenlijk meer een examen in notenlezen dan een oefening om intervallen te leren zingen. Daarvoor moet u eens één van de andere intervaloefeningen proberen.

Toetsbindingen

  • Nieuw: Alt+n

  • Eerste noot spelen: Alt+p

  • Laatste noot spelen: Alt+l

  • Alles spelen: Alt+a

Benoem intervallen

Schermafdruk van het programma tijdens het oefenen van intervallen gebruikmakend van de knoppeninterface.

In deze oefening zal Solfege intervallen tonen en afspelen en moet u deze intervallen benoemen. Dit is een muziektheoretische oefening en geen gehoortraining. Om te leren hoe intervallen genoemd worden, kunt u de paragraaf “Intervals” lezen.

U moet een interval benoemen door het klikken op een knop met de speficieke en de algemene naam.

Harmonisch-progressiedictee

Schermafdruk van het programma.

In deze oefening speelt Solfege muziek en u moet klikken op knoppen om een representatie van de harmonische progressie om de oefening op te bouwen.

Hoofdstuk 3. Music theory

Scales

Davide Bonetti has contributed a large set of scale exercises and some pages describing all the scales. You can see the pages here.

Intervals

In music theory we use the word interval when we talk about the pitch difference between two notes. We call them harmonic intervals if two tones sound simultaneosly and melodic intervals if they sound successively.

Interval names consist of two parts. Some examples are "major third" and "perfect fifth". In Walter Pistons "Harmony" the two parts are called the specific name and the general name part. Wikipedia talk about interval quality and interval number. I have seen people talk about an intervals numerical size.

You find the general name by counting the steps on the staff, ignoring any accidentals. So if the inteval you want to name goes from E to G#, then we count to 3 (E F G) and see that the general name is third.

The specific name say the exact size of the interval. Unisons, fourths, fifths and octaves can be diminished, pure or augmented. Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths can be minor, major, diminished or augmented. A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major interval. A diminished interval is one semitone smaller than a pure or a minor interval, and a augmented interval is one semitone larger than a pure or major interval.

Accidentals change the size of intervals. The interval becomes one semitone larger if you add a sharp to the highest tone or a flat to the lowest tone. And it becomes one semitone smaller if you add a flat to the highest tone or a sharp to the lowest tone. In the following sections naming of the intervals will be shown in greater detail.

Seconds

Seconds are easy to recognise: the two notes are neighbours on the staff. One note is on a staff line, and the other one is in the space above or below. A minor second is one semitone step, also called a half step. A major second is two semitone steps, also called a whole step.

To learn to identify seconds, you first have to learn which seconds there are between the natural tones. As you can see in Figuur 3.1, “”, only the intervals E-F and B-C are minor seconds. The rest are major intervals. You can check that Figuur 3.1, “” is correct by looking at a piano. You will see that there are no black keys between E and F and between B and C.

Figuur 3.1.


If the second has accidentals, then we have to examine them to find out how they change the size of the interval. Let us identify a few intervals!

Figuur 3.2.


We remove the accidental from the interval in Figuur 3.2, “” and see that the interval F-G is a major second. When we add the flat to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone smaller, and becomes a minor second.

Figuur 3.3.


We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval A-B is a major second. You still do remember Figuur 3.1, “”, don't you? Then we add the flat to the A, and the interval become a augmented second. And when we add the flat to the B, and the interval becomes a major second.

Figuur 3.4.


We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval E-F is a minor second. When we add a flat to the lowest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes a major second. And when we add a sharp to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes an augmented second.

Thirds

A minor third is one minor and one major second, or three semitones. A major third are two major seconds, or four semitone steps. Figuur 3.5, “” show the thirds between all the natural tones. You should memorise the major intervals, C-E, F-A and G-B. Then you know that the other four intervals are minor.

Figuur 3.5.


Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Fourth

A pure fourth is 2½ steps, or two major seconds and a minor second. Figuur 3.6, “” show all fourths between natural tones. You should memorise that the fourth F-B is augmented, and that the other six are pure.

Figuur 3.6.


Fifth

A pure fifth is 3½ steps, or three major seconds and a minor second. Figuur 3.7, “” show all fifths between natural tones. You should remember that all those intervals are pure, except B-F that is diminished.

Figuur 3.7.


If the interval has accidentals, then we must examine them to see how they change the size of the interval. A diminished fifth is one semitone smaller than a pure interval, and a augmented fifth is one semitone larger. Below you will find a few examples:

Figuur 3.8.


We remember from Figuur 3.7, “” that the interval B-F is a diminished fifth. The lowest tone in Figuur 3.8, “” is preceded by a flat that makes the interval one semitone larger and changes the interval from a diminished to a pure fifth.

Figuur 3.9.


We know from Figuur 3.7, “” that interval E-B is a perfect fifth. In Figuur 3.9, “” the E has a flat in front of it, making the interval augmented. But then the B is preceded by a doble flat that makes the interval two semitone steps smaller and changes the interval to a diminished fifth.

Sixths

Sixths are easiest identified by inverting the interval and identifying the third. Then the following rule apply:

  • If the third is diminished, then the sixth is augmented

  • If the third is minor, then the sixth is major

  • If the third is major, then the sixth is minor

  • If the third is augmented, then the sixth is diminished

If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals E-C, A-F and B-G are minor. The other four are major. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Figuur 3.10.


Sevenths

Sevenths are identified the same way as sixths. When you invert a seventh, you get a second.

If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals C-B and F-E are major. The other five are minor. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Figuur 3.11.


Inverting intervals

You invert an interval when you move the lowest tone of an interval one octave higher or the highest tone one octave lower. The general name changes this way:

  • Second becomes seventh.

  • Third becomes sixth.

  • Forth becomes fifth.

  • Fifth becomes fourth.

  • Sixth becomes third.

  • Seventh becomes second.

The specific name changes this way:

  • Diminished becomes augmented.

  • Minor becomes major.

  • Perfect stays perfect.

  • Major becomes minor.

  • Augmented becomes diminished.

Below are two examples, a major third is inverted and becomes a minor sixth, and a minor seventh is inverted and becomes a major second.

Figuur 3.12.


Hoofdstuk 4. Extending GNU Solfege

Introduction

GNU Solfege is written so that it can easily be extended, even if you do not know any computer programming. The steps are:

  • Create a lesson file.

  • Create a learning tree for your own lesson file. You do this only once.

  • Add the lesson file to the learning tree.

Read de paragraaf “Lesson files” for details on creating lesson files. The easiest way to get started is to take one of the existing lesson files, and modify it. Select File locations on the Help menu to find out where the included lesson files are stored, and where you should save the additional files you create. It is important to store the lesson files you create in the directory intended for user created lesson files, and not in the applications directory. This to avoid loosing files when you upgrade the program.

The file paths is not written here in the user manual because the file path depends on which operating system you run.

You create a learning tree by opening the learning tree editor. Select Learning tree from the Edit menu. Then click the New button and enter a file name. Solfege will suggest a directory to save learning trees, and unless you a good reason to do so, I suggest you save the file there. You can find the location of this directory in the File locations dialog.

Then you create a menu and a submenu with the learning tree editor, and finally adds the lesson file to the selected submenu by clicking the Add lesson button.

Lesson files

In GNU Solfege, each exercise is created by a lesson file interpreted by one of the exercise modules.

Exercise modules

harmonicintervals

Train harmonic intervals.

melodicintervals

Train one or more melodic intervals.

singinterval

This is an exercise where the program display an interval and play the first tone. Then the user should sing the interval, and then click a button to hear the correct answer. There is no microphone support yet.

idbyname

This is a very generic exercise. In its most basic form, the program will play some sound, and you have to select among several buttons that in some way represents the music.

chord

The chord module act as a specialized idbyname module. The difference is that with the chord module you can write lesson files where the user should tell what inversion the chord is in, and what the top tone is.

chordvoicing

A two-step exercise. First you should identify the chord. Then you should stack the tones in the chord in the correct order.

compareintervals

Solfege plays two intervals, and you should say which one is largest.

rhythm

A simple rhythm exercise. Solfege will randomly generate rhythm patterns that the user should recreate by clicking on buttons.

dictation

harmonicprogressiondictation

idtone

identifybpm

twelvetone

singchord

File encoding

Solfege by default expects the content of lesson files to be in UTF-8 encoding. Modern editors often let you specify the encoding in the "Save As" dialog. One example is gedit. Other programs, like vim and emacs let you specify the encoding inside the text file.

If this sounds complicated, you can safely ignore the whole encoding issue if you restrict yourself to use only standard ascii characters. That is only the letters a to z.

If you create lesson files with a different encoding, you have to declare the encoding in a special comment at the top of the file. This because Solfege and the tools used to translate Solfege cannot guess the encoding safely. We follow the same conventions as the Python language. See PEP-0263 for the details.

What you have to do is add a comment to one of the first two lines of the lesson file, where part of the line matches coding=encoding or coding: encoding. Extra characters on the line are ignored, so if you use the emacs or vim editors, you can conveniently tell the editor about the file encoding. The following example sets the charset to ISO 8859-1, a charset commonly used in many west-european languages:

# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-

Russians might want to use koi8-r:

# -*- coding: koi8-r -*-

Same as above, but in a format that works with the vim:

# vim: set fileencoding= koi8-r :

The program use the python libs to convert to unicode, so it should understand almost any encoding you can think of. If you see some characters are missing, for example when the name of questions are displayed on buttons, then most likely you have done something wrong with the encoding.

Useful unicode characters

Unicode has some characters that you might want to use to make labels look more professionally. If your editor use unicode by default, you may copy-and-paste the characters you need from here, if you are viewing this documentation in a web browser. The number is a hexidecimal number.

ø 00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

Half-diminished seventh chord.

° 00B0 DEGREE SIGN

Diminished seventh chord.

25B3 WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE, Δ 0394 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA

Major seventh chord. We do not know which character to recommend. Solfege does not care, so you can use the symbol you like.

266D MUSIC FLAT SIGN

This sign can be used instead of the letter 'b' for a flat sign.

266F MUSIC SHARP SIGN

This can be used instead of the letter '#' for the sharp sign.

Comments

Everything after # on a line is ignored. Example:

# This line is ignored. The next line is not.
question { bla bla }

Types

Strings

Strings are quoted with the " character. Example:

"this is a string"

Use tripple quotes for strings that contain line breaks, or if the string itself has to contain the " character:

description = """<h1>Long desription<h1> This lessonfile need
very much descriptions. Qoutes (") are ok here. bla bla bla"""

NB: All strings have to be unicode strings. If you get error messages like this one:

In line 21 of input: does not recognise this string ';lt;' as a valid token.'
(line 20): question {
(line 21): question {
(line 22):   name = _("Ionia�)

then you must check the encoding of your file, and maybe you should read de paragraaf “File encoding”. You can change the encoding of a file using the iconv program:

iconv -f YOUR_ENCODING -t utf8 your.file

Tempo

The tempo of music is entered as bpm/beatlen. The following example will set the tempo to 120 beats per minute, each beat being a quarter note.

tempo = 120/4

Global variables

Global variables can save you a few key strokes.

s = "\score\relative c'{ %s }
question {
# instead of music = music("\score\relative c'{ c d e f g2 g2 }") 
music = music(s % "c d e f g2 g")
}

Lesson file contents

A lesson file consist of one header block and zero or more question blocks:

header {
 ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENT
 ...
}
question {
 ASSIGNMENT
 ...
}

Header block

The header block can be placed anywhere in the file, but by convention it should be the first block in the file.

Variables shared by many exercise modules

module

Tell what execise module that will run the lesson file. This variable is requried for all lesson files. (The variable was added in Solfege 2.9.0 where it replaced the content variable.). Example:

module = idbyname
lesson_id

Each file need a unique identifier. The identifier can be any string you like, and if you don't add one, Solfege will add one for you. Solfege will also offer to create a new lesson_id if you have two files with identical lesson_id. Example:

lesson_id = "5b30c9ae-09f1-40b3-9333-4789638dc851"
version

Tell the version of solfege the lessonfile is known to work with. This variable is not required, but it should be used because it can (but don't guarantee to) help avoid trouble if the lesson file format changes in the future. Example:

version = "3.0.7"
title

Short one-line description that will be used for creating the menu entry for the exercise. You should add this to all lesson files. Example:

title = "Minor and major chords in root position"
lesson_heading

A short heading that will be displayed above the exercise. It should say what the purpose of the exercise is. Some modules provide a default value, others leave the string empty. Example:

lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
help

This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F1. Example:

help = "idbyname-intonation"

By default, Solfege will display the help file that has the same name as the exercise module being used in the lesson file.

theory

This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F3. Pressing F3 should display music theory about the exercise. Don't include this variable if there are no music theory written. Example:

theory = "scales/maj"
random_transpose

In some exercises the program can transpose the music to create variation. The default value is yes. (The default value changed from no to yes in Solfege 3.0.)

Used in modules: chord, chordvoicing, harmonicprogressiondictation, idbyname, singanswer, singchord

Possible values

random_transpose = no

No transposition will be done.

random_transpose = yes

The exercise will do random transposition. What kind of transposition depends on the exercise, but you get a ok result from this. This is the default value.

random_transpose = accidentals, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the question by random and make sure the key signature of the question does not get more than a certain number of accidentals. In this context, the number of accidentals can be described by an integer value. A negative value denote a number of flats (b), and a positive number denote a number o sharps (#). Zero mean no accidentals. The integers INTEGER1 and INTEGER2 defines a range of allowed number of accidentals.

For this transposition mode to work properly, the music in the lessonfile has to be in the keys c major or a minor, or the question must have a key variable telling the key signature.

random_transpose = key, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the music INTEGER1 steps down or INTEGER2 steps up the circle of fifth. In this context up is more sharps and down is more flats. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed.

random_transpose = semitones, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the music at most INTEGER1 semitones down or INTEGER2 semitones up. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed. You will easily end up with music in the keys with LOTS of accidentals.

enable_right_click = no

By default, Solfege will let the user right-click on buttons to hear the music they represent without guessing. Set this variable to no for lesson files where it does not make sense, for example in a idbyname lesson file where many questions have the same name.

Modules: idbyname, chordvoicing and chord.

disable_unused_intervals = no

By default, Solfege will make the buttons insensitive for intervals that are not being asked. Set this variable to no if you want all buttons to be sensitive.

Modules: harmonicinterval and melodicinterval.

ask_for_intervals_0

Select which intervals to ask for. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Use a negative number for descending intervals. To ask for more that one interval create the variables ask_for_intervals_1, ask_for_intervals_2 etc. In the following example Solfege will ask for two intervals. The first will be either a minor second or a major second, both intervals going up. And the second interval will be either major second or minor third, both intervals going down.

ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2]
ask_for_intervals_1 = [-2, -3]
    

Modules: melodicinterval and singinterval.

intervals

This variable tell which intervals should be asked for in exercises using the harmonicinterval module. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Example that will practise thirds:

intervals = [3, 4]

Modules: harmonicinterval.

test

This variable defines the test for the exercise. In a test, Solfege will ask all the questions in the lesson file a number of times. This variable is always used together with test_requirement. In the following example, each question will be asked 3 times:

test = "3x"

Modules: harmonicinterval, idbyname, melodicinterval and singinterval.

test_requirement

This variable defines how large percentage of the questions has to be answered correctly to pass the test. Example:

test_requirement = "90%"

Modules: harmonicinterval, idbyname, melodicinterval and singinterval.

have_repeat_arpeggio_button = yes

Set to yes if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat arpeggio" button.

Modules: singanswer.

have_music_displayer = yes

Set to yes if you want the question to have a music displayer.

In the idbyname module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the program will display the answer when the user gives up or answers the question correctly. You might also want to read about at_question_start.

In the singanswer module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the music will be displayed when the question is displayed.

Modules: idbyname, elembuilder and singanswer.

music_displayer_stafflines = INTEGER

The number of empty staff lines to display when we have no music to display.

Modules: idbyname and elembuilder.

at_question_start

This variable changes what happens when the user clicks New. By default, Solfege will play the music when the user clicks New, and only display the music when the question is answered correctly and the have_music_displayer variable is set to yes. Setting this variable will also set have_music_displayer to yes.

at_question_start = show

The exercise will get a Play music button. When the user clicks New the music will be displayed in the music displayer, but no music is played. Click Play music to hear the music.

at_question_start = play

The exercise will get a Display music button. When the user clicks New the music is played. Click Display music to see the music.

at_question_start = show, play

When the user clicks New the music is both played and displayed.

Modules: idbyname, elembuilder and rhythmtapping2.

vmusic

This variable holds a representation of the question intended to be displayed. This can be necessary if the music is a .wav or .mp3 file. It will be used when the user clicks Show music or when the question is answered correctly (if we have a musicdisplayer). Added to idbyname in Solfege 2.5.1 and to elembuilder in 3.9.2.

Modules: idbyname and elembuilder.

rhythm_elements

A list of integers (1-34) telling what elementes we should use when creating questions. Example:

rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

0:c4 , 1:c8 c8 , 2:c16 c16 c16 c16 , 3:c8 c16 c16 , 4:c16 c16 c8 , 5:c16 c8 c16 , 6:c8. c16 , 7:c16 c8. , 8:r4 , 9:r8c8 , 10:r8 c16 c16 , 11:r16 c16 c8 , 12:r16c8c16 , 13:r16 c16 c16 c16 , 14:r8 r16 c16 , 15:r16 c8. , 16:c12 c12 c12 , 17:r12 c12 c12 , 18:c12 r12 c12 , 19:c12 c12 r12 , 20:r12 r12 c12 , 21:r12 c12 r12 , 22:c4. , 23:c4 c8 , 24:c8 c4 , 25:c8 c8 c8 , 26:c4 c16 c16 , 27:c16 c16 c4 , 28:c8 c8 c16 c16 , 29:c8 c16 c16 c8 , 30:c16 c16 c8 c8 , 31:c8 c16 c16 c16 c16 , 32:c16 c16 c8 c16 c16 , 33:c16 c16 c16 c16 c8 , 34:c16 c16 c16 c16 c16 c16

Modules: rhythm and rhythmtapping2

Variables that has been obsoleted

number_of_intervals = INTEGER

Made obsolete in Solfege 3.1.5. Solfege will find this number automatically now, so this variable is ignored.

Question block

Variables you can define in the question block

name

Questions written for the idbyname or elembuilder exercise modules need a name. A name is optional for dictation module.

music

For most lesson files the music representing the question is assigned to this variable. Note that there is a shortcut. Instead of:

question {
  name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
  music = music(...)"
}

you can write:

question {
  name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
  music(...)
}

Music objects are documented in de paragraaf “music objects”.

tempo

Set the tempo for this questions music. The variable is defined "beats per minute" / "notelen per beat". Example:

tempo = 150 / 4

This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

Modules: idbyname, chord, chordvoicing and rhythmtapping.

instrument

By default, Solfege will use the instrument specified on the preferences window when playing questions. This variable let you select a different instrument. Example:

instrument = "cello", 100

The instrument name has to be quoted. The integer is the volume, and it should be in the range 0-127. You can see a list of instrument names in de paragraaf “Midi instrument names”. For lesson files where it makes sense, it is possible to specify three set of instruments. The following example will play bass for the lowest tone, piano in the middle and clarinet on the top tone:

instrument = "bass", 100, "acoustic grand", 100, "clarinet", 100

This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

Modules: idbyname, chord, singanswer and chordvoicing

set

The set variable is used by some exercise modules to select which question to play when the user right clicks on one of the answer buttons. This can be useful if the lesson file has many questions with the same name, and you want solfege to play the question that is most closely related to the question being asked. You can assign whatever value you want. A good suggestion is to use integers.

In lesson files that does not use the set variable, solfege will play the first question it can find with the same name as the button the user right clicks on.

If the lesson file uses the set, or more precisely, if the question being asked has the variable defined, the program will first try to find a question where the set variable matches the question being asked, and the name matches the button clicked. If no match is found, the program will select a question to play as if the set variable was not used at all.

Modules: idbyname and chordvoicing.

music objects

Each question in your lesson files will define one or more music objects.

music(musiccode)

This is music entered completely following the music format FIXME spec. This means you have to enter complete code with a \staff command. Example:

variable = music("\staff\relative c' { c' d' }")
music3(musiccode)

The music object can be used for music that has 3 or more staffs. It works the same way as music, but if "Use different instruments for chords and harmonic intervals" is checked in the preferences window, the 3 instruments you can select the same place will be used instead of the preferred MIDI instrument.

chord(musiccode)

Enter the tones from the lowest to the highest tone, like this:

variable = chord("c' e' g'")
satb(musiccode)

This type of music is used by the singchord exercises. It let you say which tones of a chord the different voices in a choir will sing. Take this, for example:

variable = satb("c''|e'|g|c")

The c'' will be sung by the soprano, e' by the alto, g by the tenor and c by the bass. Please notice that when this music is played in arpeggio, the tones to be sung by the women, will be played one octave deeper, of the user is a male. And vice versa if the user is a female or a child.

voice(musiccode)

This musictype saves some key strokes if you want to enter a melody.

variable = voice("c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")

is the same as

variable = music("\staff{ c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
rvoice(musiccode)

rvoice is similar to voice except that the music is in \relative mode, relative to the first tone. The following two statements produce the same music:

variable = rvoice("c'4 c g' g | a a g2")
\staff\relative c'{ c4 c g' g' | a a g2 }
    
percussion(percussioncode)

This music object provides a simple way to play rhythms with percussion instruments. Each tone represents a percussion instrument as defined in de paragraaf “Percussion instrument names”. In the following example, the tone c is translated to the midi sound Side Stick and d to a Mute triangle.

variable = rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4")

rhythm(musiccode)

This music object let you write questions that taps rhythms with the two instruments defined in the preferences window. The tone c will play the rhythm representing the question, and the tone d can be used if you want to write some sort of "count-in" before the question starts. Example:

rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4 c c8 c8")

You should only use two pitches, c and d. Other pitches will print a warning, but will still work in the current implementation. To play real percussion with many different instruments you should use the percussion music object.

midifile(filename)

Play a midi file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

variable = midifile("share/example.mid")
wavfile(filename)

Play a .wav file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

variable = wavfile("share/fifth-small-220.00.wav")
mp3file(filename)

Play a MP3 file. Similar to wavfile.

oggfile(filename)

Play an Ogg Vorbis file. Similar to wavfile.

csound(orchestra, score)

Given a CSound orchestra and score, this music object will generate a WAV file and play it. Example:

csound(load("share/sinus.orc"), """
    f1 0 4096 10 1
    i1 0 1 220.0
    i1 + 1 329.04
    """)
    
mma(mmacode), mma(groove, mmacode)

Create a music object that use MMA to generate music that it will play. If you create the object with one argument, mmacode should be a string with complete MMA code. With two arguments, groove is a string with the name of the groove, and mmacode is comple MMA code, except it could be missing the initial "Groove" instruction. The groove from groove will be prepended the string.

cmdline(shell code)

Run an external program. Example:

cmdline("./bin/csound-play-harmonic-interval.sh 220.000000 320.100000")

Functions

  • _(message)

    Return the translation of message if it exist. Return the string unchanged if not.

    title = _("Bla bla title")
  • include(filename)

    Read the file filename into the lesson file and parse it as a part of the file. The filename is relative to the location of the lesson file.

    include("singchord-1")

    The lesson header variables will be taken from the including lesson file. Only if a variable is only defined in the included lesson file, and not in the including lesson file, then the value will be taken from the included file.

  • load(filename)

    Read the file filename from disk and return it as a string. The filename is relative to the location of the lesson file.

    orc = load("share/sinus.orc")

Label functions

We call these functions label functions because we use them to create the label for some questions in the program. You should only use these functions where they are documented to work.

  • pangomarkup(pangostring)

    Return a label that the program can put on a button. The label is created using GTK pangomarkup. Google for "pango markup" to get the markup explained. Notice that you have to use triple qoutes around the string.

    pangomarkup("""<span size="xx-large">V</span>""")
  • progressionlabel(str)

    This function has existed in Solfege for a while, but it has not been documented until now. Should we find a shorter function name? An alias can be added so that the old long function name still works.

    Return a label. str is interpreted like this:

    • Each letter outside of a parentheses is displayed with a large serif font.

    • The text inside parentheses is displayed as a superscript: smaller letters above the baseline.

    • If the text inside the parentheses is divided by a comma, the text before the comma is superscript and after the comma is subscript.

    progressionlabel("I-IV-(6,4)V(5,3)-I")
    progressionlabel("I-VI-V(6)-I")"
    progressionlabel("C(maj7)")
     
  • rnc(str)

    Display a sequence of roman numeral chords. The chords are separated by whitespace and an optional hyphen. The exact implementation of this is still open for discussion. The current developent version of Solfege will divide each chord in 3 parts and give them different font sizes, and also try to make the chord compact, so that it should not take too much space on screen.

    • The first part of the chord is the roman numberal, including an optional b or (unicode character U+266D MUSIC FLAT SIGN).

    • The second part is the letters (if any) between the first and the third part.

    • The third part is from the first digit and the rest of the chord.

    rnc("Imaj7-IIm7-V9-Imaj7")

    Spaces are not allowed in the chord name.

    New in version 3.11.0.

  • chordname(str)

    Display a sequence of chords. The chords are separated by whitespace. Each chord consist of up to four parts, and part two to four are optional:

    [notename][txt1][:txt2][/bass]

    notename and bass music be a notename in the format understood by the music parser. You can read more about this in de paragraaf “The mpd module”. Example:

    g:11b9 cm/g ges:Δ besm:7/f

    New in version 3.11.1.

Operators

Operators can only be used on strings. + is used for joining strings, and % is similar to what you find in python, but it is very limited. It only know about %s. One example:

"\staff\relative c'{%s}" % "c d e"

evaluates to

\staff\relative c'{c d e}

The chord module

Waarschuwing

The chord module has been superseeded by the idproperty module. This module will not be developed further, and will eventually be removed from the program. You should modify your lessons to use the idproperty module. The chord module will be removed from the solfege program in the next development series, in Solfege version 3.11.0.

It is easy to do the convert. In Solfege 3.10 the lesson file heading would contain the following line:

   module = chord
 

Replace that with this:

   module = idproperty
   flavour = "chord"
 

The chord module let you identify different properties of chords, such as their name, inversion, top tone etc.

The properties are defined by the props variable in the lesson file header, and there should be a variable prop_labels that defines the label to use. props and prop_labels must be lists of equal length. You only have to define these two variables if you need other properties than the default ones: name, inversion and toptone.

Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major" and two buttons representing the inversion. Notice that unused properties, toptone in this example, are hidden.

header {
    module = chord
    title = "Minor and major chords"
    lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
    qprops = "name", "inversion", "toptone"
    qprop_labels = _("Chord type"), _("Inversion"), _("Toptone")
}
question {
  name = "Major"
  music = chord("c' e' g'")
  inversion = 0
}
question {
  name = "Minor"
  music = chord("es' g' c''")
  inversion = 1
}

The inversion property is special. If assigned integer values, like in the example, the integer values will be replaced with strings. So 0 is replaced with "root position", 1 with "1. inversion" etc.

The compareintervals module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
    countin_perc = compareintervals
    title = "Compare intervals"
    lesson_id = "9f830e12-1f50-4fa9-8688-1e04469692fa"
}

This file will make an exercise that ask you to compare harmonic intervals. And since you do not say which intervals, it will ask for all intervals from a small second up to a major decim.

first_interval_type, second_interval_type

Let you select if the intervals you are asked to compare should be a melodic or a harmonic interval. The default value is melodic. Possible values: harmonic and melodic.

    first_interval_type = melodic
    second_interval_type = harmonic
    

Modules: compareintervals.

first_interval, last_interval

Select which intervals to select from when creating the questions. This variable should be defined the same way as ask_for_intervals_0. If these two variables are not defined, then the user will be able to select which intervals to practise from the Config page of the exercise.

Modules: compareintervals.

The dictation module

Example:

header {
  module = dictation
  lesson_id = "a265df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  title = _("Norwegian children songs")
  version = "2.1.10"
}

question {
 name = "Bæ, bæ, lille lam"
 tempo = 130/4
 breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 8/1, 10/1, 12/1, 14/1
 music = rvoice("""
    \time 4/4
    c'2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 |
    c2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 |
    a'4 f f f | g2. e4 | f d d d | e2. c4 |
    a'2 f | g e4 e | f b, b b | c1 |
 """)
}
question {
 # this tempo definition overrides the global
 tempo = 160/4
 name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
 breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 6/1
 music = rvoice("""
   \time 4/4 
   c' d e f | g2 g2 | a4 a a a | g1 |
   f4 f f f | e2 e | d4 d d d | c1
 """)
}

question {
 name = "Det satt to katter på et bord..."
 tempo = 96/4
 music = rvoice("""
     \key g \major \time 2/4
     d'8 | [g g] [fis e] | [fis g] a4 | [d,16 d d d] [e8 fis] | g2 """)
}

By default, the dictation exercise will show the first column of music, and then the user should write the rest. But if the first column is not good enough, for example if there are only rests on the first beat, these two variables can tell the program how much music to display:

clue_end

The following example will display the music on all staffs in the first quarter note:

clue_end=1/4
clue_music

This is an alternative to clue_end. The music assigned to clue_music will be shown to the user when he should start the dictation. You should not use both clue_end and clue_music in the same question.

breakpoints

Set breakpoints in the music, so you can hear the music in parts when doing the dictation.

The elembuilder module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

element progI { label = "I" }
element progIV { label = "IV" }
element progV { label = "V" }

header {
    lesson_id = "3f3872c0-ef2e-4132-9fb1-97f75c7b28fd"
    module = elembuilder
    title = "progression test"
    elements = auto
    # uncomment if you want a music displayer.
    # have_music_displayer = yes
}

question {
 music = rvoice("<c' e g> <b d g> <c e g>")
 elements = progI, progV, progI
 name = "I-V-I"
}
question {
 music = rvoice("<c' e g> <c f a> <c e g>")
 elements = progI, progIV, progI
 name = "I-IV-I"
}

The element block

This block defines the elements the user can put together to answer the question. Each block is named by the string between element and {. The block defines one variable, label that is the label the button will get.

label can either be a plain string or one of the label functions.

The header block

elements

This variable defines which elements to display. Set this to auto to display all elements that are needed to answer the questions in the lesson file. You can display more elements that needed to make it more difficult for the user. An example:

elements = progI, progIV, progV, progIV, progV_6
music_displayer_stafflines

Set this if you want the music displayer to show more than one empty staff line when the music displayer have no music to display.

See also at_question_start and music_displayer_stafflines.

The question block

elements

This variable defines which elements defines the question. It can be elements, as defined in the example above, or strings or labels defined by the label functions.

tonic

The exercise will have a "Play tonic" button if this variable is defined in a question in the lesson file. The variable should contain some music to play to the user so that he knows the tonic of the question. This can be useful in harmonic progressions that does not start on the tonic. This variable is optional. Example:

tonic = chord("c e g")
name

The name is needed for storing statistics. A string or a label created by the label functions.

See also vmusic.

The harmonicinterval module

User documentation is in de paragraaf “Harmonisch interval”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = harmonicinterval
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Seconds"
  intervals = [1, 2]
  test = "3x"
  test_requirement = "90%"
}

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

The idbyname module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = idbyname
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Menuitem title"
}
question {
 name = "Major"
 music = chord("c' e' g'")
}
question {
 name = "Minor"
 music = chord("c' es' g'")
}

Optional idbyname header variables

filldir = vertic

Tell the direction the buttons are filled. Default value is horiz.

Modules: idbyname.

fillnum

Tell how many buttons there are in each row or column. The default value is 1.

Modules: idbyname.

labelformat = progression

The default value is normal. Set to progression for lesson files where the name of the questions is a harmonic progression, written in a undocumented, but not difficult format. Check some existing lesson file to see how it works.

Waarschuwing

Using this variable is deprecated. Do not use it for new lesson files.

Modules: idbyname

have_repeat_slowly_button = yes

Set to yes if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat slowly" button.

Modules: idbyname.

See also at_question_start and music_displayer_stafflines.

Question block

Required question variables

Optional question variables

vmusic

See vmusic.

cuemusic

Will be displayed in the music displayer when the user clicks New. Ignored if at_question_start = play, show or at_question_start = show, because then the content of music or vmusic is displayed when the user clicks New. (Added in Solfege 2.5.1)

The idproperty module

The idproperty module let you create exercises where solfege will play some music and you have to identify different properties of the music.

Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major" and two buttons representing the inversion. Notice that unused properties, toptone in this example, are hidden.

header {
    module = idproperty
    flavour = "chord"
    title = "Minor and major chords"
    lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
}
question {
  name = "Major"
  music = chord("c' e' g'")
  inversion = 0
}
question {
  name = "Minor"
  music = chord("es' g' c''")
  inversion = 1
}

flavour = "chord" will add the following definitions to the lesson file header, unless if they are missing:

  new_button_label = _("_New chord")
  lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
  qprops = "name", "inversion", "toptone"
  qprop_labels = _("Name"), _("Inversion"), _("Toptone")

new_button_label is the label to put on the New button. The default value is _("New").

lesson_heading will set the heading to be displayed when you practise. The default value is an emptry string, that will hide the heading.

The properties are defined by the props variable in the lesson file header, and there should be a variable prop_labels that defines the label to use. props and prop_labels must be lists of equal length.

The exercise will have a Repeat arpeggio button if one or more of the questions can be played arpeggiated. Set the lesson file header variable have_repeat_arpeggio_button to no to disable hide the button.

If the exercise have a inversion property, it will be treated special. If assigned integer values, like in the example, the integer values will be replaced with strings. So 0 is replaced with "root position", 1 with "1. inversion" etc.

The idtone module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
    module = idtone
    title = "Id tone 3"
    lesson_id = "e263d70a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
    black_keys_weight =  0, 0,    0, 0, 0
    white_keys_weight = 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0
}

The 'weight' of a tone tell how big chance is it that the program will select this tone as the next to identify. Think of the weight of a tone as the number of lottery tickets with the name of the tone.

The variable black_keys_weight set the weight of the tones c#, d#, f#, g# and a#, and white_keys_weight will set the weight of the tones c, d, e, f, g, a, b. In the example above, the tones c, d and e get an equal weight of 1, the other tones 0. This mean that the only tones that will be asked for are c, d and e, and that the three tones share the same probability to be selected.

The melodicinterval module

User documentation is in de paragraaf “Melodisch interval”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = melodicinterval
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Seconds and thirds"
  ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4]
  test = "3x"
  test_requirement = "90%"
}

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

Tests are only partially implemented for the melodicinterval exercise module: tests where each question is made by more than one interval does not work yet.

The nameinterval module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
    lesson_id = "5623c43e-f529-4376-a0c9-c7d533050360"
    module = nameinterval
    title = _("Fifths")
    intervals = p5, a5, d5
}
intervals

A list the the intervals to ask for. The intervals are written in a short form, a letter and a number, like d5 or m7. The letters are telling the interval quality are 'd' for diminished, 'a' for augmented, 'm' for minor, 'M' for major and 'p' for perfect.

tones

This variable sets the range of tones that can be used when constructing the intervals. The note names as to be quoted. The default value is "b", "g''". Example:

tones = "c'", "f''"  # valid
tones = c', f''      # not valid
accidentals

This variable defines how many accidentals the tones making the interval can have. The value 0 means no accidentals, 1 means that flats and sharps are allowed, and 2 means that double flats and double sharps are allowed. The default value is 1. Example:

accidentals = 2
clef

Set which clef to use. The default value is violin. Possible values: violin, treble, subbass, bass, baritone, varbaritone, tenor, alto, mezzosoprano and french. Example:

clef = bass

The rhythm module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = rhythm
  lesson_id = "7a4910be-de17-4ce3-9d15-78d48ccf945e"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Easy rhythms"
  rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4
}
visible_rhythm_elements

Define this variable if you want more rhythm elements that the one to be asked for. This variable must include both the rhythm elements defined in rhythm_elements and the extra elements. Example:

rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
countin_perc

An integer value between 35 and 81, representing the percussion instrument used to give you the beat before the question. The default value is 80. Example:

countin_perc = 35
35 Acoustic Bass Drum 51 Ride Cymbal 1   67 High Agoga
36 Bass Drum          52 Chinece Cymbal  68 Agogo Low
37 Side Stick         53 Ride Bell       69 Cabasa
38 Acoustic Snare     54 Tambourine      70 Maracas
39 Hand Clap          55 Splash Cymbal   71 Short Whistle
40 Electric Snare     56 Cowbell         72 Long Whistle
41 Low Floor Tom      57 Crash cymbal 2  73 Short Guiro
42 Closed Hi Hat      58 Vibraslap       74 Long Guiro
43 High Floor Tom     59 Ride Cymbal 2   75 Claves
44 Pedal Hi Hat       60 Hi Bongo        76 Hi Wood Block
45 Low Tom            61 Low Bongo       77 Low Wood Block
46 Open HiHat         62 Mute Hi Conga   78 Mute Cuica
47 Low-Mid Tom        63 Open High Conga 79 Open Cuica
48 Hi-Mid Tom         64 Low Conga       80 Mute Triangle
49 Crash Cymbal 1     65 High Timbale    81 Open Triangle
50 High Tom           66 Low Timbale

Modules: rhythm

rhythm_perc

Same as countin_perc, but setting the instrument used to play the question. The default value is 37.

Modules: rhythm

count_in

The number of beats as count in. The default value is 2.

Modules: rhythm

bpm

The tempo, in beats per minute. The default value is 60.

Modules: rhythm

num_beats

The number of elements the question is made of. The default value is 4.

Modules: rhythm

The rhythmtapping module

Exercises using this module will play some music and then the user should tap the rhythm. The program will then say if the users rhythm is similar enough to the rhythm played by the computer.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = rhythmtapping
  lesson_id = "82b718e8-f174-446f-8297-58ddd17dae03"
  version = "3.7.0"
  title = "Rhythm tapping test"
}
question {
 music = rhythm("c4 c8 c8")
}
question {
 music = music("\staff\relative c'{c4 d8 e f4}\addvoice\relative c'{c4 b8 c a4}")
 rhythm = rhythm("c4 c8 c c4")
}

The first question in the example is very simple and self explaining. Solfege will play the rhythm defined in the music variable, and the user should tap that rhythm.

The second question is a little more complicated. Here Solfege will play the music defined in the music variable. And when the user taps the rhythm, Solfege will compare the users rhythm with the rhythm defined in the rhythm variable. The reason for using two variables is that Solfege is not smart enought to figure out the rhythm if you enter polyphonic music. It make noe difference if you set the rhythm variable to be a rhythm music object, or another single voice type like rvoice. This might change in the future. You as a lesson file author must make sure the rhythms in the two variables are in fact the same.

The rhythmtapping2 module

Solfege will play a generated rhythm, and the user should tap the same rhythm.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = rhythmtapping2
  lesson_id = "7a4916be-de47-42e3-9d15-78d48ccf945e"
  version = "3.7.0"
  title = "Rhythm tapping test"
  rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4
}

See also at_question_start.

The singanswer module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = singanswer
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Sing the root of the chord"
}
question {
    question_text = "Sing the root"
    music = chord("c' e' g'")
    answer = chord("c'")
}
question {
    question_text = "Sing the root"
    music = chord("a' c'' e''")
    answer = chord("a'")
}

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

The singchord module

Questions for this exercise need to have the key variable set if the key signature is anything else than ''c'' major (or ''a'' minor). Example:

header {
  module = singchord
  lesson_id = "a404df62-e037-6a1b-9027-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Simple chords"
}
question { music = satb("c''|e'|g|c") }
question { music = satb("a'|e'|c'|a") }
question { key="d \major" music = satb("a'|fis'|d'|d") }
question { key="f \minor" music = satb("as'|f'|c'|f") }

See also de paragraaf “Zing akkoorden”.

The singinterval module

User documentation is in de paragraaf “Zing interval”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = singinterval
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Thirds"
  ask_for_intervals_0 = [3, 4]
  test = "3x"
  test_requirement = "90%"
}

The mpd module

The module is not documented yet. The input format is similar to the one used by GNU Lilypond, but only the simplest construct works.

Quick note: Notenames understood by the program are c, d, e, f, g, a, b, with 'is', 'isis', 'es', or 'eses' added. For example 'fis', 'bes', 'gisis'.

Midi instrument names

         acoustic grand          contrabass      lead 7 (fifths)
        bright acoustic     tremolo strings   lead 8 (bass+lead)
         electric grand   pizzicato strings      pad 1 (new age)
             honky-tonk  orchestral strings         pad 2 (warm)
       electric piano 1             timpani    pad 3 (polysynth)
       electric piano 2   string ensemble 1        pad 4 (choir)
            harpsichord   string ensemble 2        pad 5 (bowed)
                   clav      synthstrings 1     pad 6 (metallic)
                celesta      synthstrings 2         pad 7 (halo)
           glockenspiel          choir aahs        pad 8 (sweep)
              music box          voice oohs          fx 1 (rain)
             vibraphone         synth voice    fx 2 (soundtrack)
                marimba       orchestra hit       fx 3 (crystal)
              xylophone             trumpet    fx 4 (atmosphere)
          tubular bells            trombone    fx 5 (brightness)
               dulcimer                tuba       fx 6 (goblins)
          drawbar organ       muted trumpet        fx 7 (echoes)
       percussive organ         french horn        fx 8 (sci-fi)
             rock organ       brass section                sitar
           church organ        synthbrass 1                banjo
             reed organ        synthbrass 2             shamisen
              accordion         soprano sax                 koto
              harmonica            alto sax              kalimba
             concertina           tenor sax              bagpipe
acoustic guitar (nylon)        baritone sax               fiddle
acoustic guitar (steel)                oboe               shanai
 electric guitar (jazz)        english horn          tinkle bell
electric guitar (clean)             bassoon                agogo
electric guitar (muted)            clarinet          steel drums
      overdriven guitar             piccolo            woodblock
       distorted guitar               flute           taiko drum
       guitar harmonics            recorder          melodic tom
          acoustic bass           pan flute           synth drum
 electric bass (finger)        blown bottle       reverse cymbal
   electric bass (pick)          skakuhachi    guitar fret noise
          fretless bass             whistle         breath noise
            slap bass 1             ocarina             seashore
            slap bass 2     lead 1 (square)           bird tweet
           synth bass 1   lead 2 (sawtooth)       telephone ring
           synth bass 2   lead 3 (calliope)           helicopter
                 violin      lead 4 (chiff)             applause
                  viola    lead 5 (charang)              gunshot
                  cello      lead 6 (voice)

Percussion instrument names

The first column is the integer value for the instrument. The second column tell the name of the note you should enter in the rhythm music object.

35 b,,   Acoustic Bass Drum   59 b     Ride Cymbal 2
36 c,    Bass Drum 1          60 c'    Hi Bongo
37 cis,  Side Stick           61 cis'  Low Bongo
38 d,    Acoustic Snare       62 d'    Mute Hi Conga
39 dis,  Hand Clap            63 dis'  Open High Conga
40 e,    Electric Snare       64 e'    Low Conga
41 f,    Low Floor Tom        65 f'    High Timbale
42 fis,  Closed Hi Hat        66 fis'  Low Timbale
43 g,    High Floor Tom       67 g'    High Agogo
44 gis,  Pedal Hi Hat         68 gis'  Agogo Low
45 a,    Low Tom              69 a'    Cabasa
46 ais,  Open HiHat           70 ais'  Maracas
47 b,    Low-Mid Tom          71 b'    Short Whistle
48 c     Hi-Mid Tom           72 c''   Long Whistle
49 cis   Crash Cymbal 1       73 cis'' Short Guiro
50 d     High Tom             74 d''   Long Guiro
51 dis   Ride Cymbal 1        75 dis'' Claves
52 e     Chinese Cymbal       76 e''   Hi Wood Block
53 f     Ride Bell            77 f''   Low Wood Block
54 fis   Tambourine           78 fis'' Mute Cuica
55 g     Splash Cymbal        79 g''   Open Cuica
56 gis   Cowbell              80 gis'' Mute Triangle
57 a     Crash Cymbal 2       81 a''   Open Triangle
58 ais   Vibraslap

Bijlage A. GNU General Public License version 3

Version 3, 29 June 2007

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.

The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.

For the developers’ and authors’ protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users’ and authors’ sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions.

Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users’ freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.

Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

0. Definitions.

“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.

“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.

“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is addressed as “you”. “Licensees” and “recipients” may be individuals or organizations.

To “modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a “modified version” of the earlier work or a work “based on” the earlier work.

A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program.

To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some countries other activities as well.

To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.

An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.

1. Source Code.

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A “Standard Interface” means an interface that either is an official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that is widely used among developers working in that language.

The “System Libraries” of an executable work include anything, other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an implementation is available to the public in source code form. A “Major Component”, in this context, means a major essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.

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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.

The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.

2. Basic Permissions.

All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.

You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.

Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it unnecessary.

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No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such measures.

When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work’s users, your or third parties’ legal rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.

4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.

You may convey verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

  1. The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and giving a relevant date.

  2. The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under this License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to “keep intact all notices”.

  3. You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.

  4. If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work need not make them do so.

A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:

  1. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange.

  2. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.

  3. Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.

  4. Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.

  5. Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.

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A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.

“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.

If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).

The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.

Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.

7. Additional Terms.

“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.

When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

  1. Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or

  2. Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or

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All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.

If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.

Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.

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You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party’s predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

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A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor’s “contributor version”.

A contributor’s “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.

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In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient’s use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.

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Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

12. No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.

14. Revised Versions of this License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

16. Limitation of Liability.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) year name of author

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
  

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

program Copyright (C) year name of author
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
  

The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.

Bijlage B. Geen echte documentatie...

Geen echte documentatie...

Deze bijlage bevat een bestand dat wordt getoond als het programma opstart, voordat de gebruiker een oefening selecteert.

Welkom bij GNU Solfege

Solfege is een vrij gehoortrainingsprogramma. Het programma maakt onderdeel uit van het GNU Project. Ga naar de paragraaf “Online hulpbronnen” voor informatie over en het downloaden van de nieuwste versie van Solfege.

Selecteer een oefening uit het menu om te beginnen, of klik hier om de gebruikershandleiding te lezen.

Een van de ideëen achter dit programma is dat u het zelf kunt uitbreiden, zonder in de broncode te hoeven duiken. Als u bijzondere akkoorden wilt oefenen of de dictie van bepaalde muziek onder de knie wilt krijgen, kunt u zelf lesbestanden schrijven en deze in een submap lesbestanden in $HOME plaatsen. Als u een nuttig lesbestand gemaakt heeft, moet u eens overwegen deze aan de mailinglijst te sturen. Wij kunnen hem dan toevoegen aan de volgende versie van dit programma.